Epistemology †Sense Essay

The issue of information is certainly a basic part in reasoning. It compels us to address whether we are sure of the things we think we know, and whether we can legitimize the things we know are in reality evident. This hypothesis or investigation of information can be alluded to as epistemology. Every one of these perspectives on information can fluctuate contingent upon how we see the world itself. We can see the world through the use of our faculties, be that as it may, our faculties alone can be very misdirecting. We can never truly be positive of what we know just by taking a gander at the world the manner in which it is. We can make sentiments and suppositions about what we see, smell, taste, and hear, however can never truly be outright. So as to guarantee information, it requires sureness that something is valid. If we somehow happened to guarantee information without sureness, we would ignore Descartes’ origination of information and assurance. Descartes explains question as the difference to sureness. As assurance builds, question diminishes; then again, as uncertainty expands sureness diminishes. The world would not be as trying for what it's worth on the off chance that we could simply acknowledge anything as information. We would have the option to just opinionate, accept, and gauge whatever we might want and guarantee that everything is valid. Notwithstanding, in the same class as it sounds, it isn't useful. It is as what it sounds to resemble a pretend world. Essentially, on the off chance that we based information off of thoughts we are not sure of and simply acknowledged them as obvious, we could always be unable to proceed to the following degrees of information. Some place along the lines of this questionable information, we would find that things don't associate, or bode well. We would end up scrutinizing the purpose behind things and just discovering that our insight is wrong. All things considered, imaginary information isn't useful over the long haul without assurance.

The use of emulsifiers in the food industry Essay

The utilization of emulsifiers in the food business - Essay Example In this paper, the need, use and significance of emulsifiers in food industry will be obviously portrayed. The significance of emulsifiers in various food arrangements will likewise be clarified by models. 2.0 Emulsifiers are the chain of particles which have one water-adoring for example hydrophilic nature toward one side of the chain and oil-adoring, for example hydrophobic nature at the opposite end. For instance, when oil and water are included, it doesn't blend and the oil glides in the water surface. This blend must be conceivable when emulsifier is included them. After blend of emulsifier, oil and water get delicately scattered with one another shaping steady, homogenous smooth blend (Food Info, 2009). Emulsifier is commonly an item which encourages two substances to stir up homogeneously which conventionally may not be conceivable to blend well. For instance, mayonnaise is a ‘emulsified food product’. To upgrade the taste and surface of this food item, emulsifier is included with different fixings. In food items, the emulsified blend are the mix of at any rate two parts or â€Å"phases† which when all is said in done don't combine well all. Oil and water are the two stages in mayonnaise (Bernstein, n.d.). 3.0 Importance The food business utilizes different sorts of emulsifiers while delivering assortment of food items. The most straightforward sort of emulsifier utilized in food industry is a characteristic emulsifier which is gotten from a wellspring of vegetable alluded to as ‘lecithin’. This common emulsifier has been gotten from soybeans however different sorts of emulsifiers are gotten from different sources. For the creation of lecithin, the soy oil is communicated from the dirt beans, which is eventually treated with steam. This emulsifier is usually utilized in chocolate bars and chocolate candy. The nearness of lecithin with different fixings in chocolate encourages to maintain strength and turn away division an d waste. In the food business, emulsifiers are a premier fixing bunch that are utilized in items. The essential significance of emulsifiers is to build the improvement of food attractiveness. The food items which utilize fats or greasy fixings need the nearness of emulsifier so as to keep up their dependability and quality. A few results of chocolate coatings and icings require this as they make greasy things. The burden of the presence of these fats is essentially â€Å"mouthfeel†, which they pass on to the last item. The expansion of emulsifiers makes the completed item increasingly delightful since it lessens the elusive substance from the item in the wake of tasting of the fat segment. Therefore, surface and dependability doesn't arrange taste and shopper worthiness (Bernstein, n.d.). 4.0 Applications of Emulsifiers Emulsifier is utilized in assortment of food creations in the food business. A few models can feature the significance of utilization of emulsifier: It is uti lized in making bread on the grounds that without the utilization of emulsifier it gets dry, low in volume and get rotted without any problem. Two sorts of emulsifiers are utilized in bread, which are batter strengtheners and mixture conditioners. In batter strengtheners, diacetyl tartaric corrosive esters and sodium or calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate are incorporated which help to make the mixture more grounded; and mixture conditioner incorporates mono-and di-glycerides of unsaturated fats,

Ancient Persia and the Persian Empire

Antiquated Persia and the Persian Empire The Ancient Persians (current Iran) are more recognizable to us than the other domain developers of Mesopotamia or the Ancient Near East, the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, in light of the fact that the Persians were later, but since they were plentifully depicted by the Greeks. Similarly as limited, Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great), at last wore the Persians out rapidly (in around three years), so the Persian Empire rose to control rapidly under the authority of Cyrus the Great. The degree of Persia fluctuated, yet at its stature, it stretched out southwards to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean; toward the east and upper east, the Indus and Oxus streams; toward the north, the Caspian Sea and Mt. Caucasus; and toward the west, the Euphrates River. This domain incorporates desert, mountains, valleys, and fields. At the hour of the old Persian Wars, the Ionian Greeks and Egypt were under Persian domain. Western Cultural Identity and the Persian Army We in the West are familiar with considering the To be as the them to a Greek us. There was no Athenian-style vote based system for the Persians, however a flat out government that denied the individual, basic man his state in political life. The most significant piece of the Persian armed force was an apparently brave world class battling gathering of 10,000, known as The Immortals since when one was murdered another would be elevated to have his spot. Since all men were qualified for battle until age 50, labor was not a snag, despite the fact that to guarantee unwaveringness, the first individuals from this eternal battling machine were Persians or Medes. Cyrus the Great Cyrus the Great, a strict man and follower of Zoroastrianism, first came to control in Iran by defeating his parents in law, the Medes (c. 550 B.C.)- the triumph made simple by numerous turncoats, turning into the primary leader of the Achaemenid Empire (the first of the Persian Empires). Cyrus at that point made harmony with the Medes and solidified the partnership by making Persian, however Median sub-rulers with the Persian title khshathrapavan (known as satraps) to administer the regions. He additionally regarded region religions. Cyrus vanquished the Lydians, the Greek settlements on the Aegean coast, the Parthians, and Hyrcanians. He vanquished Phrygia on the south shore of the Black Sea. Cyrus set up an invigorated outskirt along the Jaxartes River in the Steppes, and in 540 B.C., he vanquished the Babylonian Empire. He set up his capital in a cool region, Pasargadae (the Greeks called it Persepolis), in opposition to the desires of the Persian nobility. He was murdered fighti ng in 530. The replacements of Cyrus vanquished Egypt, Thrace, Macedonia, and spread the Persian Empire east to the Indus River. Seleucids, Parthians, and Sassanids Alexander the Great shut down the Achaemenid leaders of Persia. His replacements controlled the region as the Seleucids, intermarrying with local populaces and covering a huge, touchy region that before long separated into divisions. The Parthians bit by bit rose as the following significant Persian force managing in the zone. The Sassanids or Sassanians defeated the Parthians following two or three hundred years and controlled with practically steady difficulty on their eastern outskirts just as toward the west, where the Romans challenged the region now and then through to the fruitful zone of Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) until the Muslim Arabs vanquished the region.

Industrialization and Agricultural Analysis in German - 275 Words

Industrialization and Agricultural Analysis in German (Essay Sample) Content: Industrialization and Agricultural Analysis in GermanNameProfessorInstitutionCourseDateIntroductionGerman is considered a global leader in industrial and technological sectors. It is the third largest importer and second largest exporter of goods in the world (Malik 2015) most of Germany has a temperament cyclic climate which is good for agriculture. It is considered one of the industrialized countries in the world owing to the large industrial production.Agriculture contributes a small part in the German economy. It has sharply declined over the years and only contributes around 2% of the GDP. Despite the decline agricultural production has increased due to modern machinery and technological innovation. Potatoes and grain are the main agricultural products in German, though agricultural products vary from region to region (Mathijs Swinnen, 2001). Attracted by better earnings, many farmers left for industrial and service sectors.German specializes in production of c omplex goods and innovative technologies, mostly chemicals, automotive, mechanical and electrical engineering. It is considered the largest employer in industry with a record 965,000 jobs (Malik, 2015) over 20% of the investment and industry of German is in the electronic sector. The chemical industry is owned by the private sector mostly foreign companies. In comparison with other industrial nations such as the USA, Germany has a strong workforce and a larger output in terms of production.German has very few domestic natural resources and as a result relies mostly on imports. Majorly it produces bituminous and brown coals (lignite). Other available minerals are potash and salt mined...

Poverty And Poverty - 854 Words

Poverty is a problem that the world suffers from, in which case can cause an awareness. There’s people in a current area downtown who are going through poverty. Mark Gongloff states in â€Å" 45 Million Americans Still Stuck Below Poverty Line: Census† â€Å"More than 45 million people, or 14.5 percent of all Americans, lived below the poverty†¦..But the level of poverty is still higher than 12.3 percent in 2006† (2014). There’s so many people, such as children suffer from poverty. Haiti suffers 37% more in poverty than most of countries. Fighting poverty are present in the U.S and other countries, there’s a organization known as â€Å"Feeding America† that is available in the U.S and there are others in different countries known as â€Å"Hope†. Poverty is†¦show more content†¦Their target is to feed the hungry nationwide and promote the cause of ending hunger. â€Å"HOPE International† started in the 1990s in Soviet Union in Ukraine, Jeff Gutt travel to Ukraine many times conveying goods; food, medical supplies, and clothes. Gutt was told that the shipments wasn’t helpful, but he then discovered the concept of microenterprise development. In 1997 â€Å"Hope† was establish, now the prominent goals is to break the cycle of poverty and with the help of faith. The two organization differentiate they’re goals in a particular matter. â€Å"HOPE† is willing to stop poverty in a way of giving all needs, and poverty is not just struggle of hunger. While â€Å"F eeding America† is more focused on serving food to end hunger. Ending chronic hunger and stability of shelter requires action that include a great deal of change. One idea is to end only hunger, ending hunger does not stop or end poverty. The serve of food does benefit, but there also needs to be a focus on other needs. Solutions to ending poverty needs to be kept sustainable, meaning economically and socially, allowing the rate of poverty to stay at certain level. Also the focus is to call out to society. Allowing them to come and volunteer. Calling out for help is now a goal making others help and participate in the cause. To take part in these organizations there can be simple tasks, attending to events and serve time to the community. â€Å"HOPE† is willing for peopleShow MoreRelatedPoverty Of Poverty And Poverty1134 Words   |  5 Pageseach day as a result of poverty (â€Å"Child Mortality Rate Drops†). On their website, The World Bank calculated that the amount of people living in extreme poverty was likely to fall below ten percent in 2015. Even though the poverty rate has decreased, there are still many people living in extreme poverty. One billion children in the world live in poverty and organizations like Compassion International are helping give them a new life (â€Å"Poverty Facts and Stats†). What is poverty? There are two specificRead MoreThe Poverty Of Poverty And Poverty1394 Words   |  6 Pagesare so many Americans living in poverty today, and the number of those living in poverty will probably only go up from here. What s even more disheartening is that a lot of the poverty stricken families include young children. America is considered one of the richest nations in the world, and that we are so much better off than other countries. While it may be true, I beg to ask the question of why are so many of our fellow brothers and sisters living in poverty? For those of us who are fortunateRead MorePoverty And Poverty : Poverty1662 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty for centuries has been a very severe issue that has troubled many nations while impeding economic developments and progress. Poverty stricken countries are majorly concentrated in the continents of Africa and Asia. Continents like the Americas and Europe have globally been recognized as been weal thier yet still many parts of these ostensible countries face massive cases of poverty. Most at times, countries with high populations owing to high birth rates face the most casesRead MorePoverty : Poverty And Poverty3135 Words   |  13 PagesPoverty Research Paper Noah Morrow Mrs.Zimmerly English 10 April/4/2015 The rich cause poverty because of the inequality and unfairness they bring. The country is put to blame for the governments and nations decisions. The people themselves can also be put at fault for poverty because of population but, some can not help it. This affects the poverty threshold, the people, and the number of people in poverty. Poverty can be solved with the help of organizations, the government or the president,Read MorePoverty And Poverty : Poverty1950 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough many see poverty as a choice, made by those who are lazy and prefer to do nothing but expect to reap the same benefits of people who work hard every day to provide for their families. In some cases this may be true but, poverty will wreak havoc on any and all of those who have the misfortune of crossing paths with it. Poverty is alive and well throughout the world, and it has an unyielding pulse here in the United States. It has been discovered that The poorest families in America areRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Poverty861 Words   |  4 PagesI. Background, Statistics, Introduction Poverty traps are economic anomalies that continually reinforce poverty within a country’s, or multiple countries’, economies. There are many different types of poverty traps such as savings traps, â€Å"big push† models, nutritional traps, behavioral traps, geographic traps, etc. that all affect an economy in different ways. Not only can poverty be enforced through these traps, but also through the way an economy is run or the moralities of the government. AccordingRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The poverty line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MorePoverty, Situational Poverty And Chronic Poverty1515 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty varies in different social contexts through different cultures, generations, and history. People are born and raised in different parts of the world and by different people, meaning we all come from various cultures and most likely we all have different perspectives and we define poverty differently. By talking to people from the local community we came across that there are two major types of poverty, situational poverty and chronic poverty. Situational poverty is when one becomes poor becauseRead MoreThe Poverty Cycle Of Poverty1096 Words   |  5 Pagesof poverty? The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) collects information on the social and economic status of families and their offspring every year. The National Center for Children in Poverty used a PSID study that found â€Å"that individuals who grow up in poor families are much more likely to be poor in early adulthood. Moreover, the chances of being poor in early adulthood increase sharply as the time spent living in poverty during childhood increases† (Wagmiller and Adelman). The poverty cycleRead MorePoverty Is A Problem Of Poverty1257 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty does not have one clear definition. It is a complicated, multi-faceted concept. It is a common social issue that has troubled nations for thousands of years. Poverty is the condition of having an insufficient amount of resources or income. Poverty has haunted the social life of Brazil for a number of years. With a booming economy, Brazil has managed to skip over poverty, for now. However, how long can they hold this issue off? The problem does not lie in their efforts but the way they have

How Gender Oppression Is Throughout The Lens Of Race And...

In this response, I will focus on how gender oppression is exemplified in the lens of race and racism. This paper will demonstrate how Fausto- Sterling, Preves, Messerschmidt, Crittenden and the film Senorita Extraviada have helped us understand the gender oppression itself. While still keeping Intersectionality, the system in which multiple categories intersect to contribute to who you are, in mind. These categories may consist of gender, race, socioeconomic class and sexuality. Intersectionality aids our understanding of oppression, not just by focusing on one variable, but several that lead to social inequality. We will come across the women of Juarez, Intersex, gender regulation of children, gender labor, heterosexuality, homosexuality†¦show more content†¦Hence, bringing the idea of gender labor. When Messerschmidt introduced the background information of Lenny, a 15 year old boy, raised in a heteronormative households we see the gender labor in action. According to Mes serschmidt both parents performed gender labor following society’s norm. The father was the masculine one in charge of decisions and the mother, feminine, meant for the home setting. This was when gender, socioeconomic class, and sexuality intersected to play a role in the way he grew up and saw himself. This much reflected to the psychological theories of sexuality of Freud in which Lenny identified with his father to later engage in activities that emphasize masculinity. Not only was this for the males but for females in the households, they were the caretakers of the family and were in charge of doing the domestic housework, which Lenny and his father never did. The female gender in this case is oppressed but the male gender in an unequal white household and expressing the traditional family labor model. Gender regulation of children was a way to control different background of children to distinct from the two sexes, â€Å"Girls in one line, while boys in the other, but for some it was a complicated choice (Preves). Intersex became something that was not allowed

A Life Changer free essay sample

A Life Changer For as long as I can remember sports have been one of the main focuses of life. Weekends were filled with watching sports games, playing games and going to practices for grade school teams. Every game lasts for ages, which made playing much sweeter. Organized sports became the driving force behind every interest. The weekends playing from dusk until dawn; are some of the best memories of childhood. Sports have also made the bond between father and son much stronger because of the strong connection shared. Sports shape young minds, teaches valuable lessons, and gives hope to millions on an everyday basis. When growing up young Adam Ricca craved to do anything sports related. Every thought he had was somehow always connected to how he could apply that thought to sports. Adam played on as many organized sports teams as he could as child. Baseball was his favorite even though he was not very good at it. We will write a custom essay sample on A Life Changer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This made him work harder at becoming better because he wanted to be the best on the team. He never did get there but he learned a few valuable lessons along the way. Adam found that if he worked his butt of at something that mattered to him he would see the results. Another lesson Adam learned was how to be humble. He knew no matter how much work he put in to make himself better, there would always be someone better, faster, stronger. He knew that he had to respect and admire his competition otherwise he would be a sore loser. As Adam grew older his love for sports grew stronger, but his skill diminished. He was okay with that because he knew he was nothing special. Adam started dreaming about a career linked to sports because he felt he would excel in the field of sports. As Adam got to college he realized that a career in sports was a difficult one to chose. He had no idea what field of sports he wanted to go into because he loved them all. One day he realized that sports may not provide the life he wanted to live so he picked something that would: Construction Management. Yes it is not sports but it is something that Adam is passionate about and requires a lot of hard work much like sports requires. Adam will always love sports. He will have to watch and admire from far and he is okay with that. All children should be involved in some type of sport activity. Sports teach teamwork, dedication, humility, focus, patience, practice, along with many others. These characteristics are something that every human is going to need at some point in their life. Sports show how dedication and hard work can pay off in the long run. Nothing in life is going to fall right into place without practicing every day. Without practicing everyday nothing gets any easier. Something people may not realize what sports can teach; is how helping people becomes so rewarding. Seeing teammates do something well brings just as much joy as if one were to do the act themselves. Playing sports keeps minds focused on other things in life as well. You can apply what sports teaches to pretty much anything in life; school, family, friends, anything that takes hard work to accomplish. Sure not everybody is going to accomplish great things. The great thing about sports is that it teaches you that no matter what; as long as you put the work in you will reap the benefits. Look at any professional athlete today: Drew Brees, David Freese, Kevin Durant, etc. These athletes all dealt with adversity and overcame that adversity at some point in their career. What they overcame made them into the men they are today and why they are such great role models for anyone to look up to. My relationship with my father when I was a young teenager was not the best. We loved each other and all, but we did not always see eye to eye and would always have little riffs. One day it all just kind of just disappeared and we started bonding, and now are best friends. This transformation can be credited to sports. A lot of what we do talk about is sports. We could go on for days about something. Our mutual love of sports is what opened up our conversations to other, deeper topics. We talk about everything now a day and we lean on each other for support whenever the other one is hurting. He is the best person to look up to as a role model because there is not a better one out there. It seems silly that sports is something that gave us this huge transformation as father and son and best friends; but sports is the basis for everything that happened. Another great thing about sports is that it can connect people when they do not have that much in common. Many friends have met and become better friends because of bonding through sports. Worldwide sports bring people together when there whether it is a happy or sad occasion. Look at 9/11. People were looking for some way to cope with what had just happened to our great nation. Baseball and football being played only days after what happened giving people hope that our lives could be normal again. In every game someone stood in front of the crowd and gave a speech about what happened and how we needed regularity in our life again and sports was a step towards that. Sports can bring on many emotions like few other things. There are many times watching a sports programs about how this high school team, a college team, a pro team, heck even a grade school team shows outstanding support to people in tragedy or a person in tragedy. These type of programs help people relate to a similar situation and bring out many different emotions. It seems almost every day there are stories about some athlete going out of their way to help someone in need. This shows what great role models that they are for anyone. There is also the argument that they should not be looked up to because of all the bad decisions they have made If you go online you will find as many stories about an athlete doing good as they are doing badly. They are such great role models because they show you how hard you have to work to get something you really want. There is a reason pros make it to the pros. They did not just get there by chance. Athletes inspire young children to reach for the stars and is that not what we are taught every day? Maybe the most important thing that sports can bring anyone is friends. Children encounter their best friends through sports when they are growing up. Children spend a lot of time together whether practicing for the games or just hanging out. These times that children spend together often turn out to be the best memories of their childhood. Friendships made through sports growing up often shape young children into fine young adults. Sports forge great friendships. These friendships are based off of the characteristics that sports teach. Children surround themselves with the right people when they have active participation in sports. This leads to the children to develop into young adults who have their heads on their shoulders because of the good people they have surrounded themselves with. Sports helps you make friends at any time in your life. We as humans crave interaction with other human beings. Sports is one of the best ways to interact with someone because of the interactions you have on and off the field. This is the one of the main reasons people identify with sports so well because it is how they make friendships that last a lifetime. In conclusion, I believe sports have played a major role in whom I have become and who I will continue to become. Sports are always going to be an outlet for people to meet each other and connect with people. Sports make relationships stronger and helps a multitude of people be a better people.

The Massacre At Paris Monologue Essay Example For Students

The Massacre At Paris Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Christopher Marlowe NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Masterpieces of the English Drama. Ed. William Lyon Phelps. New York: American Book Company, 1912. DUKE OF GUISE: Now, Guise, begin those deep-engender\d thoughts To burst abroad those never-dying flames Which cannot be extinguished but by blood. Oft have I levell\d, and at last have learn\d That peril is the chiefest way to happiness, And resolution honour\s fairest aim. What glory is there in a common good, That hangs for every peasant to achieve? That like I best, that flies beyond my reach. Set me to scale the high Pyramides, And thereon set the diadem of France; I\ll either rend it with my nails to naught, Or mount the top with my aspiring wings, Although my downfall be the deepest hell. For this I wake, when others think I sleep; For this I wait, that scorn attendance else; For this, my quenchless thirst, whereon I build, Hath often pleaded kindred to the king; For this, this head, this heart, this hand, and sword, Contrives, imagines, and fully executes, Matters of import aimed at by many, Yet understood by none; For this, hath heaven engender\d me of earth; For this, this earth sustains my body\s weight, And with this weight I\ll counterpoise a crown, Or with seditions weary all the world; For this, from Spain the stately Catholics Send Indian gold to coin me French ecues; For this, have I a largess from the Pope, A pension, and a dispensation too; And by that privilege to work upon, My policy hath fram\d religion. Religion! O Diabole! Fie, I am asham\d, however that I seem, To think a word of such a simple sound, Of so great matter should be made the ground! The gentle king, whose pleasure uncontroll\d Weakeneth his body, and will waste his realm, If I repair not what he ruinates, Him, as a child, I daily win with words, So that for proof he barely bears the name; I execute, and he sustains the blame. The Mother-Queen works wonders for my sake, And in my love entombs the hope of France, Rifling the bowels of her treasury, To supply my wants and necessity. Paris hath full five hundred colleges, As monasteries, priories, abbeys, and halls, Wherein are thirty thousand able men, Besides a thousand sturdy student Catholics; And more,of my knowledge, in one cloister keep Five hundred fat Franciscan friars and priests: All this, and more, if more may be compris\d, To bring the will of our desires to end. Then, Guise, Since thou hast all the cards within thy hands, To shuffle or cut, take this as surest thing, That, right or wrong, thou deal thyself a king. We will write a custom essay on The Massacre At Paris Monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Vertebrates - Vertebrata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Vertebrates - Vertebrata - the Animal Encyclopedia Vertebrates (Vertebrata) are a group of chordates that includes birds, mammals, fishes,  lampreys, amphibians, and reptiles. Vertebrates have a vertebral column in which the notochord is replaced by multiple vertebrae that form a backbone. The vertebrae surround and protect a nerve cord and provide the animal with structural support.  Vertebrates have a well-developed head, a distinct brain that is protected by a skull, and paired sense organs. They also have a highly efficient respiratory system, a muscular pharynx with slits and gills (in terrestrial vertebrates the slits and gills are greatly modified), a muscularized gut, and a chambered heart. Another notable character of vertebrates is their endoskeleton. An endoskeleton is an internal assemblage of notochord, bone or cartilage that provides the animal with structural support. The endoskeleton grows as the animal grows and provides a sturdy framework to which the animals muscles are attached. The vertebral column in vertebrates is one of the groups defining characteristics. In most vertebrates, a notochord is present early in their development. The notochord is a flexible yet supportive rod that runs along the length of the body. As the animal develops, the notochord is replaced by a series of vertebrae that form the vertebral column. Basal vertebrates such as cartilaginous fishes and ray-finned fishes breath using gills. Amphibians have external gills in the larval stage of their development and (in most species) lungs as adults. Higher vertebrates- such as reptiles, birds, and mammals- have lungs instead of gills. For many years, the earliest vertebrates were thought to be the ostracoderms, a group of jawless, bottom-dwelling, filter-feeding marine animals. But during the past decade, researchers have discovered several fossil vertebrates that are older than the ostracoderms. These newly discovered specimens, which are about 530 million years old, include Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys. These fossils exhibit numerous vertebrate traits such as a heart, paired eyes, and primitive vertebrae. The origin of jaws marked an important point in vertebrate evolution. Jaws enabled vertebrates to capture and consume larger prey than their jawless ancestors. Scientists believe that jaws arose via the modification of the first or second-gill arches. This adaptation is thought to have at first been a way of increasing gill ventilation. Later, as musculature developed and the gill arches bent forward, the structure functioned as jaws. Of all living vertebrates, only the lampreys lack jaws. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of vertebrates include: vertebral columnwell-developed headdistinct brainpaired sense organsefficient respiratory systemmuscular pharynx with slits and gillsmuscularized gutchambered heartendoskeleton Species Diversity Approximately 57,000 species.  Vertebrates account for about 3% of all known species on our planet. The other 97% of species alive today are invertebrates. Classification Vertebrates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Vertebrates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) - There are about 29,000 species of bony fishes alive today. Members of this group include ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. Bony fishes are so named because they have a skeleton made of true bone.Cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyes) - There are about 970 species of cartilaginous fishes alive today. Members of this group include sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. Cartilaginous fishes have a skeleton that is made of cartilage instead of bone.Lampreys and Hagfishes (Agnatha) - There are about 40 species of lamprey alive today. Members of this group include pouched lampreys, Chilean lampreys, Australian lampreys, northern lampreys, and others. Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that have a long narrow body. They lack scales and have a sucker-like mouth.Tetrapods (Tetrapoda) - There are about 23,000 species of tetrapods alive today. Members of this group include birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs (or whos e ancestors had four limbs). References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S. Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p. Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

Management Decision Making Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Management Decision Making - Case Study Example In arriving at a decision, the team applies to cause and effect diagram, which investigates business systems for possible problems which cause inefficiencies. A decision making chain slows down due to lack of harmony among team members tasked with that responsibility. In the same way, a processing machine slows down hindering the continuous flow of goods in the conveyor belt. The team given this mandate uses cause and effect diagrams to come up with overall facts about the system. The process starts with investigations which look into possible reasons for a particular effect. In this case, the team investigates the Executive Information System (EIS) and finds out that major problems lie in the implementation. This is because the management is not equipped with the right skills required to run the system during the implementation stage. Cause and effect diagrams list from the biggest cause for the problem to the least, to guide the team in prioritizing courses for action (Sproull, 200 1). A Pareto chart is a combination of a line and bar graph, used to bring out the differences in data validity, and highlights the most useful ones. This helps quality assurance managers in testing the system for any faults which affecting business process. For instance, when investigating why ATM cards are taking too long to process at a bank, all ATM application issues are listed in order of frequency to establish where the gap is mostly concentrated. This is where problem-solving commences when addressing system issues. The team used a combination of these tools to come up with the recommendations, which excluded software and hardware components from the EIS implementation issues. In establishing the cause, right decisions are made in singling out the two issues. This two-tier approach is ideal for bringing out the most valid reasons for low uptake of the system. The only problem with this approach is that minor issues might be overlooked with has a potential of causing hitches later on in the system.

Internet and social media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet and social media - Article Example I know a friend of mine, since childhood who used to remain very quiet in the classroom until few years ago. His name is John. He used to speak very rarely, and did not participate in group discussions. He remained silent and kept observing others. I seldom saw him speak in gatherings. I always found him more defensive than expressive in his speech. He could not bear someone contradicting his points of view or pass an indecent comment as friends normally do. This is perhaps the reason John did not participate in group discussions. But this John is completely different from the one I have in my friends list on facebook. John is too expressive in the virtual world. One day, I asked John the reason behind the disparity between his real world social interaction and that in the virtual world. He told me that he felt more protected while interacting in the virtual world. One reason why he thinks so is that he does not have to come up with prompt answers to the nasty comments made by his fr iends. When someone sends him a message on facebook and criticizes him in anyway, he has more time to select the most rational answer from a variety of choices. I have personally noticed that his responses to others’ comments on facebook are much more objective, well synthesized and well reasoned than what he normally makes in the real world conversation.

Marcel Duchamp and Dadaism Essay Example for Free

Marcel Duchamp and Dadaism Essay The art of Dadaism had its roots as an anti-art movement. The period of time in Art History Dadaism represents was approximately period of time from 1916 to 1924. Dadaism rejected the way art was appreciated and the way art was generally being defined in contemporary art scenes at that time (Tomkins, 1985). Dadism art movement was a response to World War I and was founded in Zurich, Switzerland. There weren’t any unifying aesthetic characteristics in Dada art; however, the Dadaists did share an extremely skeptical attitude towards what were at the time, the expectations of artists and writers. The word â€Å"Dadaism† was chosen for its naive sound (Gale, 1997). After originating in Zurich, the Dadaism art movement continued to spread to places like Berlin, Cologne, Hanover, Paris, Russia and New York City (Gale, 1997). Many of the original Dadaist would gather at a nightclub in Zurich, Switzerland called Hugo Ball’s Cabaret Voltaire, to express their ideas (Tomkins, 1985). As far as the United States, the central locations for Dada art were Alfred Steiglitz’s gallery â€Å"291,† a studio at 291 Fifth Avenue, along with the studio of the Walter Arensbergs, a Harvard-educated U. S. resident and art collector (Tomkins, 1985). Because Switzerland was neutral to both WWI and WWII, objectors to the war, those avoiding military service and those who just wanted to find a place for free expression gravitated to Switzerland. Integral to the Dada movement was the attempt not to categorize the art work using any association with any reference to analyzing the art intellectually. Dada was also a reaction the bourgeois Victoria values of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Dadaism was considered â€Å"absurb and playful† but at the same time it was considered to be â€Å"intuitive and cryptic† (Art, 2006). The methods used in producing this Dada art were not conventional and they used what they referred to at the time as â€Å"the chance technique and found objects† (Art, 2006). The Dadaists were trying to make their statement on the â€Å"social values and cultural trends of a contemporary world facing a devastating period of war† (Art, 2006). One of the artists associated with Dada and Surrealism was French artist Marcel Duchamp. However, according to some of my various readings, Duchamp’s actual participation in Surrealism was mostly behind the scenes. Most readings on Duchamp states that once he became involved in New York Dada, he seldom ever participated in Paris Dada. One of the reasons Marcel Duchamp is viewed as an enigma is that he is regarded as having produced one of the most diverse collections of masterpieces in the shortest amount of time. Some of the work Duchamp is most noted for are his oil on canvas â€Å"Nude Descending a Staircase,† â€Å"The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors,† and his â€Å"ready-mades† which include the â€Å"Bicycle Wheel† and the porcelain urinal â€Å"Fountain† (Tomkins, 1985). In one source it was noted about Duchamp’s short creative period, â€Å"Duchamp was content to let others develop the themes he had originated; his pervasive influence was crucial to the development of surrealism, Dada and pop art† (Marcel, 2007). Upon viewing Duchamp’s various art pieces in the research I did for this paper, my personal thoughts are that Duchamp could have even felt that he was even using his Dadaism art in making fun of those who admired it, purchased prints of it and highly regarded it in any way. For example, in claiming a ready-made porcelain urinal and attaching a ready-made bicycle wheel to a ready-made stool, lacked pretty much any originality and even if it Dada was considered anti-art, he could have been fooling his audience. In one of my readings it noted that he was extremely surprised that he already had a large â€Å"fan base† in the United States upon arriving here. It could be that he thought he was â€Å"fooling† less people than he realized with some of the pieces he chose to present as â€Å"his† art. In one of the readings it stated that Duchamp â€Å"retained a sharp sense of humor in all circumstances—even to his death. Through humor, Duchamp abolished the difference between that which possesses and aesthetic quality and that which doesn’t† (Kuenzli). So it could be said that possibly Duchamp was just testing â€Å"us† to see at what if we got his Dadaism joke. While the Dadaist movement eventually declined in its popularity in the 1920’s, many artists who were before practicing Dadaism began practicing Surrealism. There was noted a Dadaism revival which occurred in New York in the mid 1950’s. Many feel this reaffirmed that Dada art was an important artistic movement in the world of arts. References Art History: Dadaism. World Wide. 2006. World Wide Arts Resources. 14 May 2007 http://wwar. com/masters/movements/dadaism. html. Gale, Matthew. Dada Surrealism. Art ideas. London: Phaidon, 1997. Kuenzli, Rudolf. Marcel Duchamp: Artist of the Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1989. Masheck, Joseph. Marcel Duchamp in Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1975. Tomkins, Calvin. The World of Marcel Duchamp. Amsterdam: Time-Life,1985.

Red Badge Of Courage :: essays research papers

Henry In Stephen Crane's novel "The Red Badge of Courage", we examine the episodes of war through the eyes of the main character, Henry Fleming. Because the book is rather vague about many details, we don't know how old Henry is, what he looks like, or where he comes from. We do know that Henry is from somewhere in New York and that he was raised by his mother. Although some people argue that throughout the novel Henry matures and becomes a better person, facts from the book show just the opposite. Henry is a conceited , smug young man who sees himself as a martyr and a hero; when in fact he is a coward. Henry begins his journey by signing up for the Union army. While this may seem like a brave step, Henry takes it for the wrong reasons. He is unsure of the Union cause, and without really understanding what he was fighting for, Henry saw visions of himself as a hero. Henry's thoughts of war are rather distorted: He had read signs of marches, sieges, conflicts, and he had longed to see it all. His busy mind had drawn for him large pictures, extravagant in color, lurid with breathless deeds(Crane, 3). This simply shows that Henry had romanticized the was to something of a glorious adventure in his head. Even when his mother tries to give him rational advice, Henry sat disappointed, expecting a speech on heroism and pride. When Henry and his regiment (the 304th New York) finally integrate into camp life, he begins to question himself. His regiment had been static for a long time and Hauptman 2 Henry becomes bored and unhappy. For time he begins to question his bravery and he feels rather insecure. In the regiments first battle, Henry fights well. His admiration for himself reaches a disgusting level: He felt that he was a fine fellow. He saw himself even with those ideals that he had considered far beyond him. He smiled in deep gratification (Crane, 30). In this passage one can see Henry beginning to falsely view himself as a hero. At the beginning of the 304th New York regiment's second battle, Henry notices that two other soldiers are running in fear of the fight. He suddenly becomes rather scared and flees the battle as well. He tries to rationalize his actions to himself by saying: Death about to thrust him between the shoulder blades was far more dreadful than death about

Market Strategy Analysis on Montgras

Hung-Chang Huang 1467751 Case Questions: MontGras 1. (a) To what extent can MontGras control its own market position, as opposed to being dominated by the country-of-origin effect, and be perceived as a â€Å"Chilean Wine†? MontGras, the export-focused winery that was founded in 1992, unlike many other Chilean wineries, actually possessed a considerable control on its own market position in the late 1990s and early 2000s.Although the overall consumer perception towards Chilean wine products indicated that they need to put more efforts to build a solid image globally and that their major advantage is the low price, the situation might not necessarily hurt MontGras’ current market position if and only if the management the link between the decision to adopt the quality strategy, rather than volume strategy, and the fact that Chilean wine lacked a proper image.By pursuing quality-oriented strategy, MontGras is able to further cultivate its brand awareness as a result of th e success of the ultra-premiums(Ninquen line) and the super-premiums(Reserva line), and to eliminate the inefficient cost spent on the joint effort with Chilevid aimed at building a stronger image for the entire Chilean wine industry.Consequently, the problem of country-of-origin effect was, in fact, not significant enough that hampered MontGras’ marketing position as long as the company is fully understand what the appropriate marketing strategy is and adopt it with regard to different market ecologies of MontGras’ export destinations. (b) What implications does this have for marketing strategy? With the worldwide overproduction of vintages, competitions of wines in all segments were predicted more intense, especially in the basic segment, which traditionally accounted for nearly half of the market share of many countries, and 55% of MontGras’ total product in 2001.This indicates that already saturated basic segment, with the smallest gross profit margin for al l the players within the segment, would become a less and less lucrative red ocean. On the other hand, with the recognition that the country-of-origin effect does not incur severe damage to the company as anticipated, MontGras is able to reallocate its advertising expense through emphasizing on the brand, or on the product lines instead of building a stronger image of country-of-origin that would consume a huge portion of its dvertising expense, but unsure of whether consumers in UK or US would buy their effort. Hence, both the two aforementioned factors might serve as a juncture for MontGras to reassess its business strategy, which could be broken into producing part and marketing part, in order to keep the profitable business for long. 2. Evaluate the US and UK options separately. For each country, which option would you recommend and why? In MontGras’ major export market, UK, the company has already gained a substantial success that it ranked one of the 10 most Chilean win e exporters in terms of the value of products.In this picture, its partner distributor in UK had played an important role in MontGras’ UK penetration since 1996. Considering UK market feature, partner with leading supermarket chains such Tesbury is a comparatively feasible way to expand MontGras’ market share because these chain systems control more than 60% of all wine sales. However, partner with Tesbury is not free from side effects. First, at initial collaboration phase, MontGras enjoyed a short term victory without paying the cost of promotion.But in the future, is it able to reap without paying, or would Tesbury ask for more contribution from MontGras after it become too subservient to the large retail system? Second, partner with Tesbury could well create a supplanting effect that threatens its old partner distributor. Thus, my recommendation for MontGras in UK would be to diversify its distributor partnerships as a way to prevent over dependency, which would so mehow cast uncertainty for MontGras’ positioning strategy in the long term.Also, in order to pave the way for future expansion in premium segment, MontGras should keep records of the new marketing plan for Ninquen wines that if the targeting sales of 5,000 cases can cover the proposed GBP 20,000 and generate profit. In the highly fragmented US wine market, with regulatory three-tier distribution system, MontGras had to tackle business with importers, which are usually state-licensed wholesalers too. In addition, by the four prescribed criteria in choosing a countable partner importer, MontGras should be able to prevent the failures from unsuccessful previous partnerships.The first candidate of its partner distributor, World Wine Importers, a larger player that operated 200 brands with a 60-staff sales force, proposed to promote the Reserva line in a volume-oriented strategy with a price range of $8-$11; Cabo Imports, another candidate that operated 50 brands and a sales force of 35, offered a distinct proposal for MontGras that it intend to raise consumers’ perception towards MontGras’ quality and pric range also to broaden the return for both parties through setting a price range $8-$15, and it also intend to release the Ninquen line as a flagship product targeted a $25 retail price.Although the partnership with World Wine Importers seems more lucrative to MontGras in terms of the sales generated by large amount basis, however, simply adopt the results from simple additive questions is obviously not sagacious enough for Mr. Middleton. In general, Cabo Importers would offer a great stage for Reserva(60% of the total), and the newly released Ninquen as well. Thus, accepting Cabo Importers’ offer would be advantageous for MontGras’ market position in US market.

Comparative Critique Of Comparative Capitalism - 1214 Words

CASE STUDY #4: COMPARATIVE CAPITALISM Case Study #4: Comparative Capitalism Florence F. Messi St Thomas University Miami Gardens, Florida Abstract The Merriam-Wester dictionary defines capitalism as an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (2015). However for an ideal capitalism to fully operate it requires a set of conditions or institutions such as legitimacy of government and the rule of law, a well-defined property right, firms acting as price takers, not barriers to entry and exit, free capital and labor†¦show more content†¦Yes, the â€Å"varieties of capitalism† model is a recognition that market capitalism economics is in reality political economy. Merriam Webster defines political economy as the theory or study of the role public policy in influencing the economic and social welfare of a political unit. (2015). When analyzing the â€Å"varieties of capitalism† model, spheres of coor dination-which are constraints placed on firms by their nation economic, political system and social system-that define a country capitalism, these spheres of coordination correspond to many fields of inquiry relevant to political economy. Spheres of coordination such as employees’ relationships, vocational training, internal finance governance, refer to the field of study such as regulation, interest groups, comparative institutions, relationships between government and business which are relevant to political economy. Insofar as the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter referred to capitalism as a process of â€Å"creative destruction†, which of the two â€Å"varieties of capitalism† is consistent with Schumpeter’s theory? 1. Before choosing which of the two â€Å"varieties of capitalism† is consistent with Schumpeter theory of creative destruction, it is important to remind here what creative destruction is. Creative destruction, an expression coined by the Economist Joseph Schumpeter refers to the incessant product and process innovation mechanism by which new production units replace outdated ones. (Schumpeter, 1942).

Symmetry and Proportion by Vitruvius and Da Vinci

Architecture depends on symmetry, what Vitruvius calls the proper agreement between the members of the work itself. Symmetry is from the Greek word symmetros meaning measured together. Proportion is from the Latin word proportio meaning for the part, or the relationship of the portions. What humans consider beautiful has been examined for thousands of years. Humans may have an innate preference for what looks acceptable and beautiful. A man with tiny hands and a large head may look out of proportion. A woman with one breast or one leg may look asymmetrical. Humans spend an enormous amount of money every day on what they consider is a beautiful body image. Symmetry and proportion may be as much a part of us as our DNA. Diagram Of ManS Proportions From Vitruvius Translation, 1558. Bettmann/Getty Images (cropped) How do you design and build the perfect building? Like the human body, structures have parts, and in architecture those parts can be put together in many ways. Design, from the Latin word designare meaning to mark out, is the overall process, but design outcomes depend on symmetry and proportion. Says who? Vitruvius. De Architectura Ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote the first architecture textbook called On Architecture (De Architectura). Nobody knows when it was written, but it reflects the dawn of human civilization — in the first century B.C. into the first decade A.D. It wasnt until the Renaissance, however, when the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome were reawakened, that De Architectura was translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. During the 1400s, 1500s, and 1600s, what became known as The Ten Books on Architecture was widely distributed with a number of added illustrations. Much of the theory and construction basics spelled out by Vitruvius for his patron, the Roman Emperor, inspired Renaissance architects and designers of that day and even those in the 21st century. So, what does Vitruvius say? Leonardo da Vinci Sketches Vitruvius Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is sure to have read Vitruvius. We know this because da Vincis notebooks are filled with sketches based on the words in De Architectura. Da Vincis famous drawing of The Vitruvian Man is a sketch directly from the words of Vitruvius. These are some of the words Vitruvius uses in his book: SYMMETRY in the human body the central point is naturally the navel. For if a man be placed flat on his back, with his hands and feet extended, and a pair of compasses centered at his navel, the fingers and toes of his two hands and feet will touch the circumference of a circleAnd just as the human body yields a circular outline, so too a square figure may be found from it.For if we measure the distance from the soles of the feet to the top of the head, and then apply that measure to the outstretched arms, the breadth will be found to be the same as the height, as in the case of plane surfaces which are perfectly square. Note that Vitruvius begins with a focal point, the navel, and the elements are measured from that point, forming the geometry of circles and squares. Even todays architects design this way. Drawing of the Proportions of a Head by Leonardo da Vinci. Fratelli Alinari IDEA S.p.A./Getty Images (cropped) PROPORTION Da Vincis notebooks also show sketches of body proportions. These are some of the words Vitruvius uses to show relationships between elements of a human body: the face, from the chin to the top of the forehead and the lowest roots of the hair, is a tenth part of the whole heightthe open hand from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger is a tenth part of the whole bodythe head from the chin to the crown is an eighth partwith the neck and shoulder from the top of the breast to the lowest roots of the hair is a sixthfrom the middle of the breast to the summit of the crown is a fourththe distance from the bottom of the chin to the under side of the nostrils is one third of itthe nose from the under side of the nostrils to a line between the eyebrows is a thirdthe forehead, from between the eyebrows to the lowest roots of the hair, is a thirdthe length of the foot is one sixth of the height of the bodythe length of the forearm is one fourth the height of the bodythe breadth of the breast is also one fourth the height of the body Da Vinci saw that these relationships between elements were also the mathematical relationships found in other parts of nature. What we think of as the hidden codes in architecture, Leonardo da Vinci saw as divine. If God designed with these ratios when He made man, then man should design the built environment with the ratios of sacred geometry. Thus in the human body there is a kind of symmetrical harmony between forearm, foot, palm, finger, and other small parts, writes Vitruvius, and so it is with perfect buildings. Designing with Symmetry and Proportion Although European in origin, the concepts written down by Vitruvius seem to be universal. For example, researchers estimate that Native American Indians migrated to North America from Northern Asia about 15,000 years ago — well before even Vitruvius was alive. Yet when European explorers like Francisco VÃ ¡squez de Coronado from Spain first encountered the Wichita people in North America in the 1500s, symmetrical huts of grass were well-built and proportioned large enough to house entire familes. How did the Wichita people come up with this conical design and the proper agreement described by the Roman Vitruvius? Wichita Native American Grass House. Edward S. Curtis/George Eastman House/Getty Images (cropped) Concepts of symmetry and proportion can be used purposefully. Modernists of the early 20th century defied Classical symmetry by designing asymmetrical structures. Proportion has been used in spiritual architecture to accentuate the holy. For example, the Po Lin Monastery in Hong Kong shows not only the symmetry of the San Men Chinese mountain gate, but also how proportion can bring attention to the outlandishly large Buddha statue. Big Buddha at Po Lin Monastery, Lantau Island, Hong Kong, China. Tim Winter/Getty Images (cropped) By examining the human body, both Vitruvius and da Vinci understood the importance of symmetrical proportions in design. As Vitruvius writes, in perfect buildings the different members must be in exact symmetrical relations to the whole general scheme. This is the same theory behind architectural design today. Our intrinsic sense of what we consider beautiful may come from symmetry and proportion. Sources Vitruvius. On Symmetry: In Temples and in the Human Body, Book III, Chapter One, Ten Books on Architecture translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, 1914, The Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/20239-h.htmRaghavan et al. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans, Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6250, August 21, 2015, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6250/aab3884Wichita Indian grass house, Kansas Historical Society, http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/210708

Crime And The Quality Of Life - 992 Words

Introduction For better or worse, there is a link between crime and society. Society is strongly affected by crime due to the cost and the decline in the quality of life that citizens face as a result of criminal activity. Since there is a relationship associated with crime and the quality of life, then reducing crime is one of the top priorities of a police department. However, reducing crime is a major challenge for any police department around the world. Staffing shortages are one of the biggest challenges facing police departments while attempting to reduce crime. Many agencies across the United States are having trouble recruiting new police officers and keeping experienced, seasoned officers on the police force. Staffing shortages are due to low pay, a cut in benefits, and the national anti-police sentiment being broadcasted across many news organizations daily. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) in 2015 publicly released that there was an average of 2.3 officers per 1,000 inh abitants within cities that had more than 10,000 residents (The Federal Bureau of Investigation s 2015). An average of 2.3 officers per 1,000 residents is not enough to deter or prevent crime. In a preliminary report for 2015 crime stats, the FBI noted, there is an overall increase in violent crimes. Based on data provided by 12,879 law enforcement agencies throughout the United States, murders have increased 6.2 percent and aggravated assaults have increased 2.3 percent sinceShow MoreRelatedEffective Reduction Of Crime And Quality Of Life Abatement1574 Words   |  7 Pagesreduction of major crimes in New York City. COMPSTAT is globally acknowledged and has become a successful tool for integrating precise crime intelligence analysis methods and streamlining law enforcement management processes. 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Competitive Strategies And Firm Performance â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competitive Strategies And Firm Performance? Answer: Introduction This report explains the competitive strategy of the different industry that is food industry (Mcdonalds and Coco-cola) and car industry (Ford and Honda). The report analyzes the competitive strategy of these industries on the basis of global strategy as business model change and targets markets and modes of entry. Differentiation: It is a technique used as strategy by a producer to build up a solid personality in a particular marketing. It is also called as segmentation strategy. Utilizing this procedure, a producer will present distinctive products of a similar product under a similar name into a specific product classification and along these lines covering the scope of items accessible in that classification (Killing, 2012). There are a few ways a firm can differentiate its items. Differentiation strategy is a strategy which has supported Coco-colas globalization vision. Coco-colas has been tailoring its product line continuously to meet individual demands. For example Coco-cola offers different products to its worldwide products like powerade and flavoured coke, cherry and vanilla coke, diet coke, zero fat coke and many more. Moreover the Coco-cola is introducing globally more health conscious products for its customer. For example products like Odwalla, vitamin water and many more for its old age customer . Coco-cola is investing its huge budget and time into researching for developing new market and advertise its product. Packaging differentiation also became a key important factor in success of Coco-cola as a global brand. It also shows adaptability of Coco-cola in various market segments (Howes, Skea, Whelan, 2013). Functional packaging is used to make the availability of products in various sizes and forms, inclusive of gas, aluminium cans, plastic bottle and many more. The Coco-cola reflects different forms and dimensions of the containers and jars to guarantee simple stacking and vending machines. To advertise the organization's sense of duty regarding environmental sustainability, all packing materials are intended to be recyclable and are labelled according to characteristics for convenience to customer. Cost leadership: Another strategy utilized by Coca Cola is that of cost leadership. This is a technique utilized by a few major brands by global companies in the market. Cost leadership is very powerful methodology that helps in marking rapid increment in market share and gaining popularity amongst customer. Generally, the working class want to spend less on daily need items, which frames a substantial part of Coca Cola's customer base. Coca Cola has kept the costs of its items low to attract all types of customers. There are reasonable price products and accessible conveniently in every part of the world (Grewal, et al., 2013). Coca Cola has guaranteed both affordability as well as availability which have prompted higher deals and popularity. This strategy turned out to be a competitive advantage for Coco-cola in accepting sustainable approaches. While cost leadership as the main generic strategy used by Coco-cola, it also adopts product differentiation to create competitive advantage over competito rs. It has brought number of products which are healthy including juices and healthcare drinks and aiming towards health of customer. So, Coca Cola has a combination of cost leadership and differentiation to advance competitive advantage and building customer loyalty (Aharoni, Tihanyi Connelly, 2011). Concentrating on emerging markets: McDonalds might appear like it's already universally, but it hasn't reasonably saturated in the world yet. In the previous years, McDonalds has brought substantial force towards emergent markets (Frynas Mellahi, 2015). And not only fashionable marketplaces like China and India, but also places before lacking of the Excellent Arches, like African countries. Sales are increasing every year in comparison to previous year in Asia/Pacific, Africa and the Middle East. Creating more attractive stores: McDonald is refining its physical stores creating them further to attract consumers and it appears to be functioning. In China, it's exploring out a "Less is more" notion design, which drives with brighter decoration and cushioned chairs. And also approximately more than 90% of McDonalds locations have stretched their time now and it has numerous stores which are kept open 24/7. An unrestricted Wi-Fi is now accessible in McDonald cafeteria across all the stores in the world and lately it has made a large drive to get flat display TVs in all its stores. It is also planning to opening up its individual TV station with originalprogramming, named McTV. Lessening its menu cycle: The most important instance of this is the McRib, making an extraordinary additional nation-wide appearance in two years. It took front and was extremely prosperous, bringing a good gain in store sales (Nielsen Nielsen, 2011). Distinctive version McFlurries also have been added out of menus too, alongside with restricted time smoothies. Increasing distributors: McDonalds cannot transfer its product but it can select between various approaches of operations in foreign marketplace, certain of which may include a greater degree of obligation of assets than others. In specific, it can start a subsidiary that licenses straight, or come in into a joint venture with a local business, or begin a master licensing preparation whereby the master franchisee owns and functions all the outlets in territory or discover franchisees to do the equivalent (Gupta Malhotra, 2013). The level of outlay that McDonald promises to these marketplaces varies across these diverse methods but in every case McDonald put on important control over the amount of outlets and the development in outlets in every market. Target market and modes of entry strategies (Car industry) The report explains the competitive strategy of car industries adopted by Honda and Ford organization. The report also describes the competitive strategies of these companies on the basis of target market structure and modes of entry (Perrigot, Lpez?Fernndez Eroglu, 2013). Honda Target market Honda is multinational automobile manufacturing organization which manufactures Automobiles, electric vehicle, motorcycles, and many more. In short, the company is serving to majority part of requirement of vehicles that is passenger cars, bikes, power vehicles, and sports vehicles (Ray Ray, 2011). Currently Honda is listed on Tokyo stock exchange. It is the world's biggest inside combustion motor producer by volume. It started producing new products at a faster rate in several markets. In the present scenario, company 36th position in world in terms of revenue in automobile manufacturer with expanding presence in North America, Japan, South East Asia, Africa, Australia and the centre East with an 40% share of motorcycles (McGrath, 2013). The Honda new target market will providing luxury cars to Australia which got huge success recently in US market. Thus to enhance its growth more Honda will be entering to new market by launching CRZ sports hybrid model to Australia. The reasons fo r selecting Australia are best availability of designs and develop huge market with little efforts. Honda is a huge group with having presence over all parts in world with various products. Modes of entry According to Ortega (2010), the automobile industry is of vital significance to the Australian economy as the automobile is the biggest manufacturing industry in Australia. This industry supports many different businesses such as aluminium, steel, glass, and elastic, plastic and also adds to the exports of the country (Brouthers, 2013). Besides, this market is developing and encounters extreme level of competitive pressure. The modes of entry in Australia market is exporting. There aredirectandindirectmethodologies to exporting in different nations. Honda can adopt indirect export method to enter to Australia market as it is easy and convenient. The Honda makes a promise to marketplace overseas on its individual behalf. This provides Honda a tighter control over its brand and processes in abroad. For accomplishing this Honda employs a home country intervention means a company which is handling Honda operations on its behalf in new market (Sun Lee, 2013). This gets the product into an abroad market easily then it would be exporting ultimately. Examples of indirect exporting include: Piggybacking: Where Honda new product practises the prevailing disbursement and logistics of additional business. Export Management Houses: EMHs acts as bolt on export division for the company. As they provide a wide variety of la carte facilities to exporting establishments. Consortiaare groups of fewer or medium-sized groups and that group together to market related or occasionally dissimilar products in worldwide markets. This can be used by Honda to launch luxury with small sized group of businesses in Australia Trading companiescan be adopted by Honda in Australia if they desired to have external groups. In present they exist as conventional companies that use traditional business interactions as part of their competitive advantage. Ford introduction and strategy: Ford Motor Company is the very old and well-known for automobile industrialists in the world. The business was started in 1903 by Henry Ford. Ford has its headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. The starting capital invested was only $28,000 with 1,000 shares and less than 15 investors. Before founding Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford had made two ineffective trials to go into the automobile manufacturing industry (Zeschky, Widenmayer Gassmann, 2011). The company concentrates on the improving manufacturing, enhance capacity, and build innovative products at continuous periods so as to meet to all the divisions of the Indian commuter car market and responsibility into other related dealings like car finance, insurance and purchasing and selling used vehicles Target market and modes of entry According to Zott et al. (2011), China is significant geographical area for Ford Motor Company as China is innovating to introduce pollution less vehicle. AS China is having trouble due to shocking pollution levels in all major cities. This factor is aggressively forcing car companies to innovate their vehicles to plug-in vehicles. Ford should invest set its new target market to china with millions of investment, research and subsidies. Ford sees China as the quickest developing business sector on the planet for new vitality vehicles (NEV) and estimations that portion to develop to six million vehicles for each year by 2025, of which roughly four million would be all-electric (Keller, Parameswaran Jacob, 2011). The expanding buyer power and administrative prerequisites for vehicles that deliver a littler carbon impression has impelled the improvement of new fuel innovation, lighter materials and fuel effectiveness arrangements. Progressively, organizations are teaming up with their providers and rivals to accomplish efficiencies that enable them to convey creative innovations to the market at the most minimal conceivable cost. The potential JV with Zotye Auto would speak to an extending of responsibility regarding electric vehicles in China. In April, it sketched out plans to offer by 2025 cross breed or completely electric adaptations of all models worked in China. The modes of entry Ford can adopt are joint venture. The main advantage firm like Ford can grant a license to China to avoid setting up costs, but due to this it will typicallylose some control over its technology usage with quality control as well. This mode of entry allows the companies to divide the risk and resource required to enter into the foreign markets. Joint venture is an enterprises contracted and entered into by two or morecorporate entityfor the purpose of a definite venture or some special corporate activity. It the joint venture generates a distinctcorporate entity in which the proprietors contribute assets share equity and decide on ways of managing the business. The new business may be a corporation,limited liability company, or partnership. The joint ventures employ a distinct industry entity which can be employed by Ford to conduct the identified business activities. The use of a distinct entity allows the partners to limit the liabilities associated with the relationship. More precisely, a joint venture is required by Ford in order to avail incentives and allowances provided under any local foreign investment programmers (Bock, et al., 2012). In core, a joint venture organization involves of an agreement between two or more business entities to combine, in a precise way, a certain amount of their capitals in order to manufacture, produce or sell a product or to render a facility and share in a specified way the profits that result and the risks that occur. Conclusion: From this report, it has been concluded that the strategies adopted by Food industries (Mcdonalds and Coco-cola) and car industries (Honda and Ford) are exclusive and attractive. Their customer retention is comparatively high in comparison to others. Mcdonalds and Coco-cola offer several useful features to make beverage consumption as management as possible which includes home delivery, variety, exclusive services, and much more which makes its products and services more attractive. On the other side, Honda and Ford is already creating a superior brand image for all products it sells to the customer and solves queries for each customer by remaining available all time. References Aharoni, Y., Tihanyi, L. and Connelly, B.L., 2011. Managerial decision-making in international business: A forty-five-year retrospective.Journal of World Business,46(2), pp.135-142. Bock, A.J., Opsahl, T., George, G. Gann, D.M., 2012. The effects of culture and structure on strategic flexibility during business model innovation.Journal of Management Studies,49(2), pp.279-305. Brouthers, K.D., 2013. A retrospective on: Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,44(1), pp.14-22. Frynas, J.G. and Mellahi, K., 2015. Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Grewal, D., Iyer, G.R., Javalgi, R.R.G. and Radulovich, L., 2011. Franchise partnership and international expansion: a conceptual framework and research propositions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(3), pp.533-557. Gupta, S. Malhotra, N., 2013. Marketing innovation: A resource-based view of international and local firms.Marketing Intelligence Planning,31(2), pp.111-126. Howes, R., Skea, J. Whelan, B., 2013.Clean and competitive: motivating environmental performance in industry. Routledge Keller, K.L., Parameswaran, M.G. Jacob, I., 2011.Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Killing, P., 2012.Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business)(Vol. 22). Routledge. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Nielsen, B.B. and Nielsen, S., 2011. The role of top management team international orientation in international strategic decision-making: The choice of foreign entry mode.Journal of World Business,46(2), pp.185-193. Ortega, M.J.R., 2010. Competitive strategies and firm performance: Technological capabilities' moderating roles.Journal of Business Research,63(12), pp.1273-1281. Perrigot, R., Lpez?Fernndez, B. and Eroglu, S., 2013. Intangible Resources and Plural Form as Drivers of Franchise Internationalization: Examination within a Two?Country Perspective.Journal of Small Business Management,51(4), pp.557-577. Ray, S. Ray, P.K., 2011. Product innovation for the people's car in an emerging economy.Technovation,31(5), pp.216-227. Sun, S.L. and Lee, R.P., 2013, September. Enhancing innovation through international joint venture portfolios: From the emerging firm perspective. American Marketing Association. Zeschky, M., Widenmayer, B. and Gassmann, O., 2011. Frugal innovation in emerging markets.Research-Technology Management,54(4), pp.38-45. Zott, C., Amit, R. Massa, L., 2011. The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), pp.1019-1042.

Cross Cultural Communication †Barrier in Business Expansion

Question: What are the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? How might these be surmounted? Identify at least 2 theories of cross-cultural communication that can shed light on your own experiences of communicating across cultures. What do these theories explain? What do they fail to explain? What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international business organizations? Answer: Introduction Due to globalization, business expansion has become quite possible. Companies regardless of the production activities involved into can venture into different market to sell the products and services to the international clients. Business expansion to international market enables the company to improve the profit earning margin and improve the business visibility. Both the factors are essential for the successful business conduct. Earlier management believed in implementing an effective business strategic plan, without analysing the relevance of the cross cultural factors. As per the research conducted, it has been stated that consideration for cross cultural factors is important for the conducting the operational activities. This report contains information like Importance of the cross cultural communications (Barinaga, 2009). Barriers to the cross communication process Theories Cross-Cultural Communication Technologies like internet and other gadgets have made it possible for companies to venture into new market and improve the visibility for the products and services. Products can be effectively promoted in the national and international market. Online and offline marketing on the international platform has made it possible for the companies to improve the brand image in the international market. Such a success has also been possible due to the introduction of cross cultural communication factor. Through this process, it becomes easy for the companies to work with people from different communities or nationality (Adamopolous Lonner 2001). Cross cultural communication process is important for enabling the growth of the business. By understanding the relevance of the terms, the management of the company can communicate about the strategies and business goals with people belonging to different culture. Flawless communication is important for improving the apprehension about the business goals and the steps that is expected to be followed for achieving the set target (Busch, 2009). Cross cultural communication has been defined as the process of apprehending the business custom, values, communication strategies, and beliefs. Cultural differences impacts the method for communicating with each other and this can affect the business strategies. In this process, it is necessary to understand the relevance of high-context and low context values for culture. There are different factors that can affect the communication process and the same needs to be analysed in an effective manner (Baba et al., 2004). High vs. Low context for cultural differences High and low cultural context refers to the process adopted by the employees to think about the task, express views, and collectively work towards the goal that has been decided by the company. Such an analysis has to be done to understand the impact of the cultural factors on the business performance. For instance, the cultural values followed in North America and Western Europe is considered to be low context for cultural values. The employees of the companies located in such areas tend to make decisions on the facts and figures collected from different sources. The business dealings are done through contract process and there is no place for trust (Fowler Blohm, 2004). Factors associated with high context cultural values are quite opposite to the above mentioned method. Trust forms a major part of the business dealings and managers analyse different factors that are associated with the trust factors. In this process, the management of the company develop inter-personal relationships through which positive and long lasting relationship with the clients are created. Tasks are performed through team efforts and success is credited to the group, instead of individuals (Hoffman, 2009). In order to carry out the business activities in different countries, it is necessary to understand the cultural values and beliefs. This will enable the company to develop a strategy through which positive communication process with the members can be developed and implemented. The cultural differences existing between different cultures, needs to be analysed as it will help in improving the quality of interaction. This will assist in developing an effective communication process, through which the business activities can be carried out by the management (Gibson Cohen, 2003). Cultural differences include analysing the practices and language spoken by the people belonging to another country or communication. Through such an analysis an attempt is made to understand the factors that can affect the communication process between groups belonging to different communities. Effective communication method is quite important as this will help in reducing the uncertainty in the message conveyance method. Through this process the management can adopted and implement effective strategies through which the complex situation related to cultural factors can be handled in an effective manner (Lincoln, Denzin, 2000). Cultural diversity is one of the factors that can affect the process of communication and interaction between different groups. The management needs to analyse the factors associated with individual cultural values or languages. This will help in improving the performance for the company. Such factors enable the management to develop and implement effective communication process through which the individuals or the employees of the company can be encouraged to interact with each other (Gudykunst, 2005). What are the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? The success of the global companies depends upon the effective cross-cultural interaction or communication process adopted by the management. Ineffective communication can increase internal conflicts between the groups or teams belonging to different groups. It is necessary to identify the problem that can affect the communication process, as this will minimise the redundancy of the tasks expected to be performed by the members. The barrier is with understanding the behaviour of the individuals belonging to different groups. Through effective communication process, it is possible for the companies to set right the expectations which are considered to be important for the successful business conduct. By handling the issues associated with the cross cultural factors it is possible to avoid unproductive conflicts that might exists between the management and the group or between different groups working together with the company (Kohonen, 2005). Global marketplace provides various offers to the clients and the companies to work together and improve the earning ability. Due to ineffective or inability of the companies to handle the issues associated with the cross culture, it becomes a challenge to handle the issues in the expected manner. Conflicts and interrupted production activities impact the goodwill of the company. Such factors affect the confidence of the stakeholders on the performance of the company in the international market (Littrell, et al., 2006). Some of the barriers related to cross cultural factors are Language This is one of the prime requirements for the conduct of the business in the desired manner. Communication becomes a challenge for the groups belonging to different cultural background. Misunderstandings can affect the productivity and business execution plan prepared by the management. The selection of the words and terms needs to be done in an effective manner, as this can increase the possibilities of misinterpreting the statement (Mendenhall Stahl, 2000). Behaviour Behaviour is associated with the body language that is followed by the managers of the company. In the US, managers and the employees of the company prefer to choose eye contact method while integrating or instructing the members. This is done to ensure that the message is conveyed to the member in the right manner, and there is no deviation in the process. Eye contact is not considered to be an appropriate method for interaction in many of the Asian countries. Such a difference has to be understood as this will help in overpowering the barriers that exists in the industry (Mahadevan, 2009). Stereotypes In such a factor, the employee usually makes assumptions about the practices or values followed by a particular group of individuals. Such factors create negative remark and impact the behaviour or the willingness of the individuals to work together. Its necessary to collect facts, and there is no space for assumptions. Ethnocentrism In this process, the management or the group usually indulge into the practice of judging the people belonging to certain groups or community. The comparison is done with the practises and values followed by the members in the own country. Such a comparison can affect the willingness of the people to work with different groups (Otten et al., 2009). How might these be surmounted? The strategies adopted by the companies to solve the problem differ and depends upon various factors. However, the prime objective is to minimise the differences existing between different cultures, as this will enable the management to improve the quality of prediction activities for the company. Some of the steps that can be followed for achieving the desired results are Meetings - The management can conduct business meetings through which the staffs can be introduced with the cultural values followed in another country. Such a process will enable the members to respect the values and practices followed by different cultures. Through this method, an attempt has been made to change the preconceptions that are formed in the minds of the people or the staffs (Osland, 2000). Team activities It is necessary to improve the confidence of the team members and encourage them to work together. This is possible by highlighting the relevance of the language and adopting strategies through which the differences between the members can be sorted by the management. In this method, the managers attempt to improve the co-ordination process, which is required for the smooth conduct of the business. Workshops In this method, the management of the company adopt and implement standard presider for positive interaction with the members. This is required for building confidence between the members. In this process, the members attempt to solve the issues faced by the staffs by encouraging positive communication process. Through this process, the members are encouraged to adopt and implement positive stages for handling the issues that exist between the members. The employees are enraged to adopt and practice different methods for communication like verbal, written, and non-verbal (Morris Robie, 2001). Coaching system- in this process, the members belonging to different culture are encouraged to follow the strategies and methods followed by the members from other communities. This is done through coaching method. Through this method, the members are encouraged to follow the right strategies for interacting with the members from other communities and respect each other. This is one of the important aspects through which the quality of communication can be improved amongst the members. Theories on cross cultural factors Anxiety and uncertainly management system This is one of the effective cross cultural theories that play an important role in the global virtual team development process. In this theory, the researchers basically concentrate on the adoption and implementation of different strategies through which the barriers and opportunities influencing the communication process is analysed. Through such a process, an attempt is made to understand the reason for the staff behaviour and the expectations at the time of interacting with each other. In this process, an attempt is made to identify the relevance of the cognitive behaviour of the individuals which can affect the working ability of the staffs of the company (Pfeffer, 2005). These days many companies work as a part of the virtual team. Through this process, the quality of interaction between the members belonging to different cultures is analysed. In the global teams, remembers belonging to different cultures work together. The members are not aware of each other, but ensure to work together as a team. Through an effective communication process, an attempt has been made to overpower the uncertainty that exists between the members of the company. This is one of the important factors through which the quality of communication between the members can be improved. In this method, the individual needs and preferences of the clients are analysed. This enables the management to develop an effective plan through which the necessary changes in terms of the improvement in the performance and other factors can be introduced by the management (Schwegler, 2009). Term of the theory The theory, focus on the cognitive adjustment process where the employees of the company are encouraged to work in the best possible manner. Through this process, an attempt is made to encourage the members to do the right things through which the quality of interaction amongst the members can be improved. In this method, an attempt is made to explain the process followed by the people to understand the terms associated with the cross cultural values (Sandn, 2003). What do they fail to explain? However the theory fails to explain the process that would have to be followed by different companies for improving the quality of interaction. This is one of the important factor through which the expected results can be achieved by the company. Standpoint theory for cross-cultural process In this method, the experiences and knowledge of the group or individual is shared with the other members. This has been done to improve upon the behaviour of the members through which the corrective measures can be introduced for improving the quality of the production activities. The views of the individuals are considered in this process. It is necessary to develop and implement standard views through which the behaviour and other factors associated with the cultural values and beliefs are indented. Through such a process, an attempt is made to interact about the positive aspects about the cultural values and the behaviours that can affect the quality of interaction (Selmer, 2000). Theory highlights the relevance of the communication process and the steps that would have to be followed for executing the tasks that are related to the business expansion. The communication process adopted by different companies varies and it depends upon various challenges. Through the theory an attempt is made to clarify the method that is considered to be effective for improving the communication process between different groups. Through this method, an attempt is made to overpower the challenges that are associated with the communication process (Triandis, 2000). Failure of the system The theory is applicable to the small companies, where limited members from different cultural background. In this case, the challenges associated with the process for implementing the changes has to be analysed, as this will help in implementing the better methods through which the required changes for the cultural communication process can be adopted. What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international business organizations? Cross cultural factors are quite important for the business conduct. The challenges involved in the business execution have to be analysed, as this will help the management of the company to adopt and implement the right type of strategies through which the challenges can be overpowered. In this case, the limitations involved with the process have to be analysed as this will help in overpowering the challenges that is involved in the communication process. The factors affecting the communication process has to be analysed as this will help the management in selecting the better options through which the required changes can be implemented for improving the quality of communication for the company (Tanaka, 2001). Conclusion The cross cultural factors of the company need to be analysed. This will help in analysing the problem and implementing the correct steps for improving the quality of interaction. In this process, the challenges involved with the communication process between the members have to be analysed. This will help in improving the production activities and handling the challenges that can affect the quality of interaction between the members. References Adamopolous, John Lonner, Walter (2001). Culture and psychology at a crossroad: Historical perspective and theoretical analysis. In David Matsumoto (Ed.),The handbook of culture and psychology(pp.11-34). New York: Oxford University Press. Baba, M. L., Gluesing, J., Ratner, H., Wagner, K. H. (2004). The contexts of knowing: Natural history of a globally distributed team. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(5), 547587. Barinaga, Ester (2009). Performative view of languageMethodological considerations and consequences for the study of culture.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 24,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901244. Busch, Dominic (2009). The notion of culture in linguistic research .Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 50,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901508. Hoffman, David (2009). Multiple methods, communicative preferences and the incremental interview approach protocol.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 41,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901419. Fowler, S. M., Blohm, J. (2004). An analysis of methods for intercultural training. In D. Landis J. M. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 3784). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Gibson, C. B., Cohen, S. G. (2003). 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