Symmetry and Proportion by Vitruvius and Da Vinci

Architecture depends on symmetry, what Vitruvius calls the proper agreement between the members of the work itself. Symmetry is from the Greek word symmetros meaning measured together. Proportion is from the Latin word proportio meaning for the part, or the relationship of the portions. What humans consider beautiful has been examined for thousands of years. Humans may have an innate preference for what looks acceptable and beautiful. A man with tiny hands and a large head may look out of proportion. A woman with one breast or one leg may look asymmetrical. Humans spend an enormous amount of money every day on what they consider is a beautiful body image. Symmetry and proportion may be as much a part of us as our DNA. Diagram Of ManS Proportions From Vitruvius Translation, 1558. Bettmann/Getty Images (cropped) How do you design and build the perfect building? Like the human body, structures have parts, and in architecture those parts can be put together in many ways. Design, from the Latin word designare meaning to mark out, is the overall process, but design outcomes depend on symmetry and proportion. Says who? Vitruvius. De Architectura Ancient Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote the first architecture textbook called On Architecture (De Architectura). Nobody knows when it was written, but it reflects the dawn of human civilization — in the first century B.C. into the first decade A.D. It wasnt until the Renaissance, however, when the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome were reawakened, that De Architectura was translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. During the 1400s, 1500s, and 1600s, what became known as The Ten Books on Architecture was widely distributed with a number of added illustrations. Much of the theory and construction basics spelled out by Vitruvius for his patron, the Roman Emperor, inspired Renaissance architects and designers of that day and even those in the 21st century. So, what does Vitruvius say? Leonardo da Vinci Sketches Vitruvius Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is sure to have read Vitruvius. We know this because da Vincis notebooks are filled with sketches based on the words in De Architectura. Da Vincis famous drawing of The Vitruvian Man is a sketch directly from the words of Vitruvius. These are some of the words Vitruvius uses in his book: SYMMETRY in the human body the central point is naturally the navel. For if a man be placed flat on his back, with his hands and feet extended, and a pair of compasses centered at his navel, the fingers and toes of his two hands and feet will touch the circumference of a circleAnd just as the human body yields a circular outline, so too a square figure may be found from it.For if we measure the distance from the soles of the feet to the top of the head, and then apply that measure to the outstretched arms, the breadth will be found to be the same as the height, as in the case of plane surfaces which are perfectly square. Note that Vitruvius begins with a focal point, the navel, and the elements are measured from that point, forming the geometry of circles and squares. Even todays architects design this way. Drawing of the Proportions of a Head by Leonardo da Vinci. Fratelli Alinari IDEA S.p.A./Getty Images (cropped) PROPORTION Da Vincis notebooks also show sketches of body proportions. These are some of the words Vitruvius uses to show relationships between elements of a human body: the face, from the chin to the top of the forehead and the lowest roots of the hair, is a tenth part of the whole heightthe open hand from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger is a tenth part of the whole bodythe head from the chin to the crown is an eighth partwith the neck and shoulder from the top of the breast to the lowest roots of the hair is a sixthfrom the middle of the breast to the summit of the crown is a fourththe distance from the bottom of the chin to the under side of the nostrils is one third of itthe nose from the under side of the nostrils to a line between the eyebrows is a thirdthe forehead, from between the eyebrows to the lowest roots of the hair, is a thirdthe length of the foot is one sixth of the height of the bodythe length of the forearm is one fourth the height of the bodythe breadth of the breast is also one fourth the height of the body Da Vinci saw that these relationships between elements were also the mathematical relationships found in other parts of nature. What we think of as the hidden codes in architecture, Leonardo da Vinci saw as divine. If God designed with these ratios when He made man, then man should design the built environment with the ratios of sacred geometry. Thus in the human body there is a kind of symmetrical harmony between forearm, foot, palm, finger, and other small parts, writes Vitruvius, and so it is with perfect buildings. Designing with Symmetry and Proportion Although European in origin, the concepts written down by Vitruvius seem to be universal. For example, researchers estimate that Native American Indians migrated to North America from Northern Asia about 15,000 years ago — well before even Vitruvius was alive. Yet when European explorers like Francisco VÃ ¡squez de Coronado from Spain first encountered the Wichita people in North America in the 1500s, symmetrical huts of grass were well-built and proportioned large enough to house entire familes. How did the Wichita people come up with this conical design and the proper agreement described by the Roman Vitruvius? Wichita Native American Grass House. Edward S. Curtis/George Eastman House/Getty Images (cropped) Concepts of symmetry and proportion can be used purposefully. Modernists of the early 20th century defied Classical symmetry by designing asymmetrical structures. Proportion has been used in spiritual architecture to accentuate the holy. For example, the Po Lin Monastery in Hong Kong shows not only the symmetry of the San Men Chinese mountain gate, but also how proportion can bring attention to the outlandishly large Buddha statue. Big Buddha at Po Lin Monastery, Lantau Island, Hong Kong, China. Tim Winter/Getty Images (cropped) By examining the human body, both Vitruvius and da Vinci understood the importance of symmetrical proportions in design. As Vitruvius writes, in perfect buildings the different members must be in exact symmetrical relations to the whole general scheme. This is the same theory behind architectural design today. Our intrinsic sense of what we consider beautiful may come from symmetry and proportion. Sources Vitruvius. On Symmetry: In Temples and in the Human Body, Book III, Chapter One, Ten Books on Architecture translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, 1914, The Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/20239-h.htmRaghavan et al. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans, Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6250, August 21, 2015, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6250/aab3884Wichita Indian grass house, Kansas Historical Society, http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/210708

Crime And The Quality Of Life - 992 Words

Introduction For better or worse, there is a link between crime and society. Society is strongly affected by crime due to the cost and the decline in the quality of life that citizens face as a result of criminal activity. Since there is a relationship associated with crime and the quality of life, then reducing crime is one of the top priorities of a police department. However, reducing crime is a major challenge for any police department around the world. Staffing shortages are one of the biggest challenges facing police departments while attempting to reduce crime. Many agencies across the United States are having trouble recruiting new police officers and keeping experienced, seasoned officers on the police force. Staffing shortages are due to low pay, a cut in benefits, and the national anti-police sentiment being broadcasted across many news organizations daily. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) in 2015 publicly released that there was an average of 2.3 officers per 1,000 inh abitants within cities that had more than 10,000 residents (The Federal Bureau of Investigation s 2015). An average of 2.3 officers per 1,000 residents is not enough to deter or prevent crime. In a preliminary report for 2015 crime stats, the FBI noted, there is an overall increase in violent crimes. Based on data provided by 12,879 law enforcement agencies throughout the United States, murders have increased 6.2 percent and aggravated assaults have increased 2.3 percent sinceShow MoreRelatedEffective Reduction Of Crime And Quality Of Life Abatement1574 Words   |  7 Pagesreduction of major crimes in New York City. COMPSTAT is globally acknowledged and has become a successful tool for integrating precise crime intelligence analysis methods and streamlining law enforcement management processes. 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Competitive Strategies And Firm Performance â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competitive Strategies And Firm Performance? Answer: Introduction This report explains the competitive strategy of the different industry that is food industry (Mcdonalds and Coco-cola) and car industry (Ford and Honda). The report analyzes the competitive strategy of these industries on the basis of global strategy as business model change and targets markets and modes of entry. Differentiation: It is a technique used as strategy by a producer to build up a solid personality in a particular marketing. It is also called as segmentation strategy. Utilizing this procedure, a producer will present distinctive products of a similar product under a similar name into a specific product classification and along these lines covering the scope of items accessible in that classification (Killing, 2012). There are a few ways a firm can differentiate its items. Differentiation strategy is a strategy which has supported Coco-colas globalization vision. Coco-colas has been tailoring its product line continuously to meet individual demands. For example Coco-cola offers different products to its worldwide products like powerade and flavoured coke, cherry and vanilla coke, diet coke, zero fat coke and many more. Moreover the Coco-cola is introducing globally more health conscious products for its customer. For example products like Odwalla, vitamin water and many more for its old age customer . Coco-cola is investing its huge budget and time into researching for developing new market and advertise its product. Packaging differentiation also became a key important factor in success of Coco-cola as a global brand. It also shows adaptability of Coco-cola in various market segments (Howes, Skea, Whelan, 2013). Functional packaging is used to make the availability of products in various sizes and forms, inclusive of gas, aluminium cans, plastic bottle and many more. The Coco-cola reflects different forms and dimensions of the containers and jars to guarantee simple stacking and vending machines. To advertise the organization's sense of duty regarding environmental sustainability, all packing materials are intended to be recyclable and are labelled according to characteristics for convenience to customer. Cost leadership: Another strategy utilized by Coca Cola is that of cost leadership. This is a technique utilized by a few major brands by global companies in the market. Cost leadership is very powerful methodology that helps in marking rapid increment in market share and gaining popularity amongst customer. Generally, the working class want to spend less on daily need items, which frames a substantial part of Coca Cola's customer base. Coca Cola has kept the costs of its items low to attract all types of customers. There are reasonable price products and accessible conveniently in every part of the world (Grewal, et al., 2013). Coca Cola has guaranteed both affordability as well as availability which have prompted higher deals and popularity. This strategy turned out to be a competitive advantage for Coco-cola in accepting sustainable approaches. While cost leadership as the main generic strategy used by Coco-cola, it also adopts product differentiation to create competitive advantage over competito rs. It has brought number of products which are healthy including juices and healthcare drinks and aiming towards health of customer. So, Coca Cola has a combination of cost leadership and differentiation to advance competitive advantage and building customer loyalty (Aharoni, Tihanyi Connelly, 2011). Concentrating on emerging markets: McDonalds might appear like it's already universally, but it hasn't reasonably saturated in the world yet. In the previous years, McDonalds has brought substantial force towards emergent markets (Frynas Mellahi, 2015). And not only fashionable marketplaces like China and India, but also places before lacking of the Excellent Arches, like African countries. Sales are increasing every year in comparison to previous year in Asia/Pacific, Africa and the Middle East. Creating more attractive stores: McDonald is refining its physical stores creating them further to attract consumers and it appears to be functioning. In China, it's exploring out a "Less is more" notion design, which drives with brighter decoration and cushioned chairs. And also approximately more than 90% of McDonalds locations have stretched their time now and it has numerous stores which are kept open 24/7. An unrestricted Wi-Fi is now accessible in McDonald cafeteria across all the stores in the world and lately it has made a large drive to get flat display TVs in all its stores. It is also planning to opening up its individual TV station with originalprogramming, named McTV. Lessening its menu cycle: The most important instance of this is the McRib, making an extraordinary additional nation-wide appearance in two years. It took front and was extremely prosperous, bringing a good gain in store sales (Nielsen Nielsen, 2011). Distinctive version McFlurries also have been added out of menus too, alongside with restricted time smoothies. Increasing distributors: McDonalds cannot transfer its product but it can select between various approaches of operations in foreign marketplace, certain of which may include a greater degree of obligation of assets than others. In specific, it can start a subsidiary that licenses straight, or come in into a joint venture with a local business, or begin a master licensing preparation whereby the master franchisee owns and functions all the outlets in territory or discover franchisees to do the equivalent (Gupta Malhotra, 2013). The level of outlay that McDonald promises to these marketplaces varies across these diverse methods but in every case McDonald put on important control over the amount of outlets and the development in outlets in every market. Target market and modes of entry strategies (Car industry) The report explains the competitive strategy of car industries adopted by Honda and Ford organization. The report also describes the competitive strategies of these companies on the basis of target market structure and modes of entry (Perrigot, Lpez?Fernndez Eroglu, 2013). Honda Target market Honda is multinational automobile manufacturing organization which manufactures Automobiles, electric vehicle, motorcycles, and many more. In short, the company is serving to majority part of requirement of vehicles that is passenger cars, bikes, power vehicles, and sports vehicles (Ray Ray, 2011). Currently Honda is listed on Tokyo stock exchange. It is the world's biggest inside combustion motor producer by volume. It started producing new products at a faster rate in several markets. In the present scenario, company 36th position in world in terms of revenue in automobile manufacturer with expanding presence in North America, Japan, South East Asia, Africa, Australia and the centre East with an 40% share of motorcycles (McGrath, 2013). The Honda new target market will providing luxury cars to Australia which got huge success recently in US market. Thus to enhance its growth more Honda will be entering to new market by launching CRZ sports hybrid model to Australia. The reasons fo r selecting Australia are best availability of designs and develop huge market with little efforts. Honda is a huge group with having presence over all parts in world with various products. Modes of entry According to Ortega (2010), the automobile industry is of vital significance to the Australian economy as the automobile is the biggest manufacturing industry in Australia. This industry supports many different businesses such as aluminium, steel, glass, and elastic, plastic and also adds to the exports of the country (Brouthers, 2013). Besides, this market is developing and encounters extreme level of competitive pressure. The modes of entry in Australia market is exporting. There aredirectandindirectmethodologies to exporting in different nations. Honda can adopt indirect export method to enter to Australia market as it is easy and convenient. The Honda makes a promise to marketplace overseas on its individual behalf. This provides Honda a tighter control over its brand and processes in abroad. For accomplishing this Honda employs a home country intervention means a company which is handling Honda operations on its behalf in new market (Sun Lee, 2013). This gets the product into an abroad market easily then it would be exporting ultimately. Examples of indirect exporting include: Piggybacking: Where Honda new product practises the prevailing disbursement and logistics of additional business. Export Management Houses: EMHs acts as bolt on export division for the company. As they provide a wide variety of la carte facilities to exporting establishments. Consortiaare groups of fewer or medium-sized groups and that group together to market related or occasionally dissimilar products in worldwide markets. This can be used by Honda to launch luxury with small sized group of businesses in Australia Trading companiescan be adopted by Honda in Australia if they desired to have external groups. In present they exist as conventional companies that use traditional business interactions as part of their competitive advantage. Ford introduction and strategy: Ford Motor Company is the very old and well-known for automobile industrialists in the world. The business was started in 1903 by Henry Ford. Ford has its headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. The starting capital invested was only $28,000 with 1,000 shares and less than 15 investors. Before founding Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford had made two ineffective trials to go into the automobile manufacturing industry (Zeschky, Widenmayer Gassmann, 2011). The company concentrates on the improving manufacturing, enhance capacity, and build innovative products at continuous periods so as to meet to all the divisions of the Indian commuter car market and responsibility into other related dealings like car finance, insurance and purchasing and selling used vehicles Target market and modes of entry According to Zott et al. (2011), China is significant geographical area for Ford Motor Company as China is innovating to introduce pollution less vehicle. AS China is having trouble due to shocking pollution levels in all major cities. This factor is aggressively forcing car companies to innovate their vehicles to plug-in vehicles. Ford should invest set its new target market to china with millions of investment, research and subsidies. Ford sees China as the quickest developing business sector on the planet for new vitality vehicles (NEV) and estimations that portion to develop to six million vehicles for each year by 2025, of which roughly four million would be all-electric (Keller, Parameswaran Jacob, 2011). The expanding buyer power and administrative prerequisites for vehicles that deliver a littler carbon impression has impelled the improvement of new fuel innovation, lighter materials and fuel effectiveness arrangements. Progressively, organizations are teaming up with their providers and rivals to accomplish efficiencies that enable them to convey creative innovations to the market at the most minimal conceivable cost. The potential JV with Zotye Auto would speak to an extending of responsibility regarding electric vehicles in China. In April, it sketched out plans to offer by 2025 cross breed or completely electric adaptations of all models worked in China. The modes of entry Ford can adopt are joint venture. The main advantage firm like Ford can grant a license to China to avoid setting up costs, but due to this it will typicallylose some control over its technology usage with quality control as well. This mode of entry allows the companies to divide the risk and resource required to enter into the foreign markets. Joint venture is an enterprises contracted and entered into by two or morecorporate entityfor the purpose of a definite venture or some special corporate activity. It the joint venture generates a distinctcorporate entity in which the proprietors contribute assets share equity and decide on ways of managing the business. The new business may be a corporation,limited liability company, or partnership. The joint ventures employ a distinct industry entity which can be employed by Ford to conduct the identified business activities. The use of a distinct entity allows the partners to limit the liabilities associated with the relationship. More precisely, a joint venture is required by Ford in order to avail incentives and allowances provided under any local foreign investment programmers (Bock, et al., 2012). In core, a joint venture organization involves of an agreement between two or more business entities to combine, in a precise way, a certain amount of their capitals in order to manufacture, produce or sell a product or to render a facility and share in a specified way the profits that result and the risks that occur. Conclusion: From this report, it has been concluded that the strategies adopted by Food industries (Mcdonalds and Coco-cola) and car industries (Honda and Ford) are exclusive and attractive. Their customer retention is comparatively high in comparison to others. Mcdonalds and Coco-cola offer several useful features to make beverage consumption as management as possible which includes home delivery, variety, exclusive services, and much more which makes its products and services more attractive. On the other side, Honda and Ford is already creating a superior brand image for all products it sells to the customer and solves queries for each customer by remaining available all time. References Aharoni, Y., Tihanyi, L. and Connelly, B.L., 2011. Managerial decision-making in international business: A forty-five-year retrospective.Journal of World Business,46(2), pp.135-142. Bock, A.J., Opsahl, T., George, G. Gann, D.M., 2012. The effects of culture and structure on strategic flexibility during business model innovation.Journal of Management Studies,49(2), pp.279-305. Brouthers, K.D., 2013. A retrospective on: Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,44(1), pp.14-22. Frynas, J.G. and Mellahi, K., 2015. Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Grewal, D., Iyer, G.R., Javalgi, R.R.G. and Radulovich, L., 2011. Franchise partnership and international expansion: a conceptual framework and research propositions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(3), pp.533-557. Gupta, S. Malhotra, N., 2013. Marketing innovation: A resource-based view of international and local firms.Marketing Intelligence Planning,31(2), pp.111-126. Howes, R., Skea, J. Whelan, B., 2013.Clean and competitive: motivating environmental performance in industry. Routledge Keller, K.L., Parameswaran, M.G. Jacob, I., 2011.Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity. Pearson Education India. Killing, P., 2012.Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business)(Vol. 22). Routledge. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Nielsen, B.B. and Nielsen, S., 2011. The role of top management team international orientation in international strategic decision-making: The choice of foreign entry mode.Journal of World Business,46(2), pp.185-193. Ortega, M.J.R., 2010. Competitive strategies and firm performance: Technological capabilities' moderating roles.Journal of Business Research,63(12), pp.1273-1281. Perrigot, R., Lpez?Fernndez, B. and Eroglu, S., 2013. Intangible Resources and Plural Form as Drivers of Franchise Internationalization: Examination within a Two?Country Perspective.Journal of Small Business Management,51(4), pp.557-577. Ray, S. Ray, P.K., 2011. Product innovation for the people's car in an emerging economy.Technovation,31(5), pp.216-227. Sun, S.L. and Lee, R.P., 2013, September. Enhancing innovation through international joint venture portfolios: From the emerging firm perspective. American Marketing Association. Zeschky, M., Widenmayer, B. and Gassmann, O., 2011. Frugal innovation in emerging markets.Research-Technology Management,54(4), pp.38-45. Zott, C., Amit, R. Massa, L., 2011. The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), pp.1019-1042.

Cross Cultural Communication †Barrier in Business Expansion

Question: What are the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? How might these be surmounted? Identify at least 2 theories of cross-cultural communication that can shed light on your own experiences of communicating across cultures. What do these theories explain? What do they fail to explain? What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international business organizations? Answer: Introduction Due to globalization, business expansion has become quite possible. Companies regardless of the production activities involved into can venture into different market to sell the products and services to the international clients. Business expansion to international market enables the company to improve the profit earning margin and improve the business visibility. Both the factors are essential for the successful business conduct. Earlier management believed in implementing an effective business strategic plan, without analysing the relevance of the cross cultural factors. As per the research conducted, it has been stated that consideration for cross cultural factors is important for the conducting the operational activities. This report contains information like Importance of the cross cultural communications (Barinaga, 2009). Barriers to the cross communication process Theories Cross-Cultural Communication Technologies like internet and other gadgets have made it possible for companies to venture into new market and improve the visibility for the products and services. Products can be effectively promoted in the national and international market. Online and offline marketing on the international platform has made it possible for the companies to improve the brand image in the international market. Such a success has also been possible due to the introduction of cross cultural communication factor. Through this process, it becomes easy for the companies to work with people from different communities or nationality (Adamopolous Lonner 2001). Cross cultural communication process is important for enabling the growth of the business. By understanding the relevance of the terms, the management of the company can communicate about the strategies and business goals with people belonging to different culture. Flawless communication is important for improving the apprehension about the business goals and the steps that is expected to be followed for achieving the set target (Busch, 2009). Cross cultural communication has been defined as the process of apprehending the business custom, values, communication strategies, and beliefs. Cultural differences impacts the method for communicating with each other and this can affect the business strategies. In this process, it is necessary to understand the relevance of high-context and low context values for culture. There are different factors that can affect the communication process and the same needs to be analysed in an effective manner (Baba et al., 2004). High vs. Low context for cultural differences High and low cultural context refers to the process adopted by the employees to think about the task, express views, and collectively work towards the goal that has been decided by the company. Such an analysis has to be done to understand the impact of the cultural factors on the business performance. For instance, the cultural values followed in North America and Western Europe is considered to be low context for cultural values. The employees of the companies located in such areas tend to make decisions on the facts and figures collected from different sources. The business dealings are done through contract process and there is no place for trust (Fowler Blohm, 2004). Factors associated with high context cultural values are quite opposite to the above mentioned method. Trust forms a major part of the business dealings and managers analyse different factors that are associated with the trust factors. In this process, the management of the company develop inter-personal relationships through which positive and long lasting relationship with the clients are created. Tasks are performed through team efforts and success is credited to the group, instead of individuals (Hoffman, 2009). In order to carry out the business activities in different countries, it is necessary to understand the cultural values and beliefs. This will enable the company to develop a strategy through which positive communication process with the members can be developed and implemented. The cultural differences existing between different cultures, needs to be analysed as it will help in improving the quality of interaction. This will assist in developing an effective communication process, through which the business activities can be carried out by the management (Gibson Cohen, 2003). Cultural differences include analysing the practices and language spoken by the people belonging to another country or communication. Through such an analysis an attempt is made to understand the factors that can affect the communication process between groups belonging to different communities. Effective communication method is quite important as this will help in reducing the uncertainty in the message conveyance method. Through this process the management can adopted and implement effective strategies through which the complex situation related to cultural factors can be handled in an effective manner (Lincoln, Denzin, 2000). Cultural diversity is one of the factors that can affect the process of communication and interaction between different groups. The management needs to analyse the factors associated with individual cultural values or languages. This will help in improving the performance for the company. Such factors enable the management to develop and implement effective communication process through which the individuals or the employees of the company can be encouraged to interact with each other (Gudykunst, 2005). What are the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? The success of the global companies depends upon the effective cross-cultural interaction or communication process adopted by the management. Ineffective communication can increase internal conflicts between the groups or teams belonging to different groups. It is necessary to identify the problem that can affect the communication process, as this will minimise the redundancy of the tasks expected to be performed by the members. The barrier is with understanding the behaviour of the individuals belonging to different groups. Through effective communication process, it is possible for the companies to set right the expectations which are considered to be important for the successful business conduct. By handling the issues associated with the cross cultural factors it is possible to avoid unproductive conflicts that might exists between the management and the group or between different groups working together with the company (Kohonen, 2005). Global marketplace provides various offers to the clients and the companies to work together and improve the earning ability. Due to ineffective or inability of the companies to handle the issues associated with the cross culture, it becomes a challenge to handle the issues in the expected manner. Conflicts and interrupted production activities impact the goodwill of the company. Such factors affect the confidence of the stakeholders on the performance of the company in the international market (Littrell, et al., 2006). Some of the barriers related to cross cultural factors are Language This is one of the prime requirements for the conduct of the business in the desired manner. Communication becomes a challenge for the groups belonging to different cultural background. Misunderstandings can affect the productivity and business execution plan prepared by the management. The selection of the words and terms needs to be done in an effective manner, as this can increase the possibilities of misinterpreting the statement (Mendenhall Stahl, 2000). Behaviour Behaviour is associated with the body language that is followed by the managers of the company. In the US, managers and the employees of the company prefer to choose eye contact method while integrating or instructing the members. This is done to ensure that the message is conveyed to the member in the right manner, and there is no deviation in the process. Eye contact is not considered to be an appropriate method for interaction in many of the Asian countries. Such a difference has to be understood as this will help in overpowering the barriers that exists in the industry (Mahadevan, 2009). Stereotypes In such a factor, the employee usually makes assumptions about the practices or values followed by a particular group of individuals. Such factors create negative remark and impact the behaviour or the willingness of the individuals to work together. Its necessary to collect facts, and there is no space for assumptions. Ethnocentrism In this process, the management or the group usually indulge into the practice of judging the people belonging to certain groups or community. The comparison is done with the practises and values followed by the members in the own country. Such a comparison can affect the willingness of the people to work with different groups (Otten et al., 2009). How might these be surmounted? The strategies adopted by the companies to solve the problem differ and depends upon various factors. However, the prime objective is to minimise the differences existing between different cultures, as this will enable the management to improve the quality of prediction activities for the company. Some of the steps that can be followed for achieving the desired results are Meetings - The management can conduct business meetings through which the staffs can be introduced with the cultural values followed in another country. Such a process will enable the members to respect the values and practices followed by different cultures. Through this method, an attempt has been made to change the preconceptions that are formed in the minds of the people or the staffs (Osland, 2000). Team activities It is necessary to improve the confidence of the team members and encourage them to work together. This is possible by highlighting the relevance of the language and adopting strategies through which the differences between the members can be sorted by the management. In this method, the managers attempt to improve the co-ordination process, which is required for the smooth conduct of the business. Workshops In this method, the management of the company adopt and implement standard presider for positive interaction with the members. This is required for building confidence between the members. In this process, the members attempt to solve the issues faced by the staffs by encouraging positive communication process. Through this process, the members are encouraged to adopt and implement positive stages for handling the issues that exist between the members. The employees are enraged to adopt and practice different methods for communication like verbal, written, and non-verbal (Morris Robie, 2001). Coaching system- in this process, the members belonging to different culture are encouraged to follow the strategies and methods followed by the members from other communities. This is done through coaching method. Through this method, the members are encouraged to follow the right strategies for interacting with the members from other communities and respect each other. This is one of the important aspects through which the quality of communication can be improved amongst the members. Theories on cross cultural factors Anxiety and uncertainly management system This is one of the effective cross cultural theories that play an important role in the global virtual team development process. In this theory, the researchers basically concentrate on the adoption and implementation of different strategies through which the barriers and opportunities influencing the communication process is analysed. Through such a process, an attempt is made to understand the reason for the staff behaviour and the expectations at the time of interacting with each other. In this process, an attempt is made to identify the relevance of the cognitive behaviour of the individuals which can affect the working ability of the staffs of the company (Pfeffer, 2005). These days many companies work as a part of the virtual team. Through this process, the quality of interaction between the members belonging to different cultures is analysed. In the global teams, remembers belonging to different cultures work together. The members are not aware of each other, but ensure to work together as a team. Through an effective communication process, an attempt has been made to overpower the uncertainty that exists between the members of the company. This is one of the important factors through which the quality of communication between the members can be improved. In this method, the individual needs and preferences of the clients are analysed. This enables the management to develop an effective plan through which the necessary changes in terms of the improvement in the performance and other factors can be introduced by the management (Schwegler, 2009). Term of the theory The theory, focus on the cognitive adjustment process where the employees of the company are encouraged to work in the best possible manner. Through this process, an attempt is made to encourage the members to do the right things through which the quality of interaction amongst the members can be improved. In this method, an attempt is made to explain the process followed by the people to understand the terms associated with the cross cultural values (Sandn, 2003). What do they fail to explain? However the theory fails to explain the process that would have to be followed by different companies for improving the quality of interaction. This is one of the important factor through which the expected results can be achieved by the company. Standpoint theory for cross-cultural process In this method, the experiences and knowledge of the group or individual is shared with the other members. This has been done to improve upon the behaviour of the members through which the corrective measures can be introduced for improving the quality of the production activities. The views of the individuals are considered in this process. It is necessary to develop and implement standard views through which the behaviour and other factors associated with the cultural values and beliefs are indented. Through such a process, an attempt is made to interact about the positive aspects about the cultural values and the behaviours that can affect the quality of interaction (Selmer, 2000). Theory highlights the relevance of the communication process and the steps that would have to be followed for executing the tasks that are related to the business expansion. The communication process adopted by different companies varies and it depends upon various challenges. Through the theory an attempt is made to clarify the method that is considered to be effective for improving the communication process between different groups. Through this method, an attempt is made to overpower the challenges that are associated with the communication process (Triandis, 2000). Failure of the system The theory is applicable to the small companies, where limited members from different cultural background. In this case, the challenges associated with the process for implementing the changes has to be analysed, as this will help in implementing the better methods through which the required changes for the cultural communication process can be adopted. What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international business organizations? Cross cultural factors are quite important for the business conduct. The challenges involved in the business execution have to be analysed, as this will help the management of the company to adopt and implement the right type of strategies through which the challenges can be overpowered. In this case, the limitations involved with the process have to be analysed as this will help in overpowering the challenges that is involved in the communication process. The factors affecting the communication process has to be analysed as this will help the management in selecting the better options through which the required changes can be implemented for improving the quality of communication for the company (Tanaka, 2001). Conclusion The cross cultural factors of the company need to be analysed. This will help in analysing the problem and implementing the correct steps for improving the quality of interaction. In this process, the challenges involved with the communication process between the members have to be analysed. This will help in improving the production activities and handling the challenges that can affect the quality of interaction between the members. References Adamopolous, John Lonner, Walter (2001). Culture and psychology at a crossroad: Historical perspective and theoretical analysis. In David Matsumoto (Ed.),The handbook of culture and psychology(pp.11-34). New York: Oxford University Press. Baba, M. L., Gluesing, J., Ratner, H., Wagner, K. H. (2004). The contexts of knowing: Natural history of a globally distributed team. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(5), 547587. Barinaga, Ester (2009). Performative view of languageMethodological considerations and consequences for the study of culture.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 24,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901244. Busch, Dominic (2009). The notion of culture in linguistic research .Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 50,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901508. Hoffman, David (2009). Multiple methods, communicative preferences and the incremental interview approach protocol.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 41,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901419. Fowler, S. M., Blohm, J. (2004). An analysis of methods for intercultural training. In D. Landis J. M. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 3784). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Gibson, C. B., Cohen, S. G. (2003). Virtual teams that work: Creating conditions for virtual team effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Lincoln, Yvonna Denzin, Norman (2000). The seventh moment. Out of the past. In Norman Denzin Yvonna Lincoln (Eds.),Handbook of qualitative research(pp.1047-1065). London: Sage. Littrell, L. N., Salas, E., Hess, K. P., Paley, M., Riedel, S. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 5(3), 355388 Kohonen, E. (2005). Developing global leaders through international assignments: An identity construction perspective. Personnel Review, 34(1), 2236. Mahadevan, Jasmin (2009). Redefining organizational cultures: An interpretative anthropological approach to corporate narratives.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 44,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901440. Mendenhall, M., Stahl, G. (2000). Expatriate training and development: Where do we go from here? Human Resource Management, 39(23), 251265 Morris, M. A., Robie, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5(2), 112125 Osland, J. S. (2000). The journey inward: Expatriate hero tales and paradoxes. Human Resource Management, 39(23), 227238. Otten, Matthias Geppert, Judith (2009). Mapping the landscape of qualitative research on intercultural communication. A hitchhiker's guide to the methodological galaxy.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 52,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901520. Pfeffer, J. (2005). Changing mental models: HRs most important task. Human Resource Management, 44(2), 123128. Sandn, M. Paz (2003).Investigacin cualitativa en educacin. Fundamentos y tradiciones. Madrid: McGraw-Hill. Schwegler, Ulrike (2009). The challenge of researching trust in intercultural cooperation.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research,10(1), Art. 48,https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0901486. Selmer, J. (2000). A quantitative needs assessment technique for cross-cultural work adjustment training. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(3), 269281. Tanaka-Matsumi, Junko (2001). Abnormal psychology and culture. In David Matsumoto (Ed.),The handbook of culture and psychology(pp.265-286). New York: Oxford University Press. Triandis, Harry (2000). Dialectics between cultural and cross-cultural psychology.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,3, 185-195.

Marxist Ideology Essays - Political Philosophy, Politics, Thought

Marxist Ideology "Capital is not personal, but social power and product." (Karl Marx) Karl Marx, perhaps one of the most influential philosophers in history, is widely remembered for the revolutionizing ideologies he presented in the Communist Manifesto. Marx was certainly a man of great intelligence and vision. His many visions about capitalistic development are constantly reflected in today's society. Job alienation is certainly rampant. Most individuals have a "TGIF; Monday sucks" mentality. To most people work rather than happiness is the meaning of life; nothing is ever enough?everyone wants more, More, MORE. The bourgeois are running things, as a large portion of the world's resources and wealth is in the hands of a select few. The immediate question that then comes to mind is whether this is advantageous to society. To correctly answer this deep question, one must look at the pros and cons of the socialist ideology. In theory, socialism has several observable benefits. For one, the equality of humankind presents itself as an important theme. The capitalistic bourgeois/proletariat relationship that exists is destroyed. Consequently, the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeois is non-existent. Work now takes on a different meaning?instead of being the result of greed and necessity, work becomes a means of helping and interacting with society. In the truest form of communism, acquiring wealth is an unnecessary evil?instead society provides the individual with an adequate standard of living and vice versa. Ultimately, an ideal communist state is practically a Utopia. Marx clearly predicted that a state of Utopia would form with a transition from communism. (Marx detailed steps to reaching Utopia include: primitive socialism feudalism capitalismsocialism communism Utopia.) While communism has its benefits, the reality of reaching these benefits is literally non-existent. Even Marx predicted that this would be the case!?he said that in the presence of capitalism, communism will lose. This is a very interesting statement, and clearly implies that the socialistic ideology is not perfect. Communism is a Utopia, and therefore it arguably cannot exist. Communism calls for the cooperation of too many individuals. Everyone would have to be a productive member of society. Politicians and government officials would have to govern flawlessly. Any form of corruption could not be tolerated, as it could bring about total anarchy and downfall. In addition to these troublesome"technicalities," the idea of public goods does not always result in the desired outcome. For example, imagine the creation of a public lawnmower. As opposed to a private owner who would try to preserve the longevity of the lawnmower, the public would have no real incentive to take care of the lawnmower. Certainly, private ownership provides to the preservation of goods and resources. Also, take into consideration the status of the US public school system as compared to the US private school system. Private schools have done remarkably better at producing better results and using less money when compared to US public schools. To an extent this can also be said for private health care?in comparing England's and Canada's health care systems to that of the US. Lastly, the communist ideology destroys competition. With no competition people do not have an incentive to advance. Inferior products that lack quality and improvement are made. Inferior services that lack needed advancement?such as health care?are provided. This is not to say that this is the case with all services and products. However, without competition there is no real desire to change the norm, regardless of how good or bad it is. This would be especially damaging to advances in medicine, science, and research.

Crim Essay Example

Crim Essay Example Crim Essay Crim Essay Modelo AS-29 (Rev. Dic. 2005) Form AS-29 (Rev. Dec. 2005) Liquidador Reviewer Fecha Date IMPORTANTE: ESTA PLANILLA DEBERA RADICARSE EN O ANTES DEL 15 DE MAYO. IMPORTANT: THIS TAX RETURN SHOULD BE FILLED NO LATER THAN MAY 15TH. PLANILLA DEBE SER RADICADA EN ORIGINAL Y NO GRAPADA. RETURN MUST BE FILLED IN ORIGINAL AND NOT STAPLED ESTADO LIBRE ASOCIADO DE PUERTO RICO COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO CENTRO DE RECAUDACION DE INGRESOS MUNICIPALES Corrector Fecha Date MUNICIPAL REVENUE COLLECTION CENTER Planilla Mueble Enmendada Amended Personal Tax Return ReturnPage 2 2 PLANILLA DE CONTRIBUCION SOBRE LA PROPIEDAD MUEBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX RETURN R-3 0 ANO / YEAR SELLO DE PAGO PAYMENT STAMP Investigador Field Audited by Fecha Date T P D R-1 R-2 SOLICITUD DE EXONERACION CONTRIBUTIVA REQUEST FOR TAX EXONERATION Num. Cuenta (Seg. Soc. ) / Account No. (Soc. Sec. ) Nombre del Contribuyente / Taxpayers Name Nombre y Apellidos del Conyuge (Para casos de individuos solamente) Name and Last Name of Spouse (In case of individual only) ZIP CODE FECHA DE INICIO DE OPERACIONES DATE BEGAN OPERATIONS Dia / Day Mes / Month Ano / Year Num. Cuenta (Seg. Soc. ) / Account No. (Soc. Sec. ) Direccion Postal / Postal Address Municipio / Municipality Localizacion Industria o Negocio Principal Numero, Calle y Pueblo Location of Principal Industry or Business Number, Street and City Tel. Negocio / Business Phone _____ _____ _____ FECHA DE RECIBO DATE RECEIVED PARA USO OFICIAL / OFFICIAL USE Nombre del Negocio / Business Name SI / YES NO Cambio Direccion / Address Change Contribuyente Nuevo / New Taxpayer MUNICIPIO MUNICIPALITY CODIGO CODE (Vease Instrucciones Planilla) (See Tax Return Instructions) SI / YES NO CLASE DE CONTRIBUYENTE Y CODIGOS / TYPE OF TAXPAYER AND CODES 1. INDIVIDUO (I) INDIVIDUAL (I) CORPORACION (C) CORPORATION (C) 3. SOCIEDAD (S) PARTNERSHIP (S) COOPERATIVA (P) COOPERATIVE (P) 5. SUCESION (U) ESTATE (U) FIDEICOMISO (F) TRUST (F) 7. OTROS (O) OTHERS (O) 2. 4. 6. INDIQUE NATURALEZA DEL NEGOCIO / INDICATE KIND OF BUSINESS GRUPO I COMERCIAL GROUP I COMMERCIAL GRUPO II INDUSTRIAL GROUP II INDUSTRIAL GRUPO III V SERVICIOS GROUP III V SERVICES GRUPO IV AGRICULTURA GROUP IV AGRICULTURE GRUPO VI NEGOCIOS MIXTOS GROUP VI MIXED BUSINESS Dia / Day ESPECIFIQUE NATURALEZA DE NEGOCIO / SPECIFY KIND OF BUSINESS FECHA DE RECIBO DATE RECEIVED Mes / Month Ano / Year _____ _____ _____ PARA USO OFICIAL SOLAMENTE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY LOS PAGOS POR CORREO SE ENVIARAN A LA SIGUIENTE DIRECCION: PAYMENTS SENT BY MAIL SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO: $ , , . CENTRO DE RECAUDACION DE INGRESOS MUNICIPALES MUNICIPAL REVENUE COLLECTION CENTER DIA / DAY MES / MONTH ANO / YEAR Pagado con esta Planilla / Paid with this Return PO Box 195387 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00919-5387 $ , , . Pagado con Prorroga Automatica / Paid with Automatic Extension 0 FECHA DE RADICACION / DATE SUBMITTED (www. crimpr. net) 2006 2979 Modelo AS-29 (Rev. Dic. 2005) Form AS-29 (Rev. Dec. 2005) IF PERSONAL PROPERTY IS OWNED IN MORE THAN ONE MUNICIPALITY OMIT ITEMS 1 THRU 6 AND GO TO ITEM 7, (B) OF SCHEDULE A. Planilla Mueble / Pagina 2 Personal Tax Return / Page 2 SI POSEE PROPIEDAD MUEBLE EN MAS DE UN MUNICIPIO OMITA LAS PARTIDAS 1 A LA 6 Y PROCEDA DIRECTAMENTE A LA PARTIDA 7, (B) DEL ENCASILLADO A. Num. Cuenta (Seg. Soc. ) / Account No. (Soc. Sec. ) 1. VALORACION TOTAL (Encasillado C) TOTAL VALUATION (Schedule C). 2. MENOS: VALORACION EXENTA (Partida 4, Encasillado G) LESS: EXEMPT VALUATION (Item 4, Schedule G).. , , , , , , , , , , 00 $ $ $ $ $ 00 3. VALORACION BRUTA GROSS VALUATION 0 4. MENOS: VALORACION EXONERADA (Partida 2, Encasillado H) LESS: EXONERATED VALUATION (Item 2, Schedule H) 00 5. VALORACION SUJETA A CONTRIBUCION VALUATION SUBJECT TO TAX. 6. MUNICIPIO MUNICIPALITY CODIGO CODE (Vease Instrucciones Planilla) (See Tax Return Instructions) (Vease Instrucciones Planilla) (See Tax Return Instructions). 0 TIPO CONTRIBUTIVO TAX RATE_____________________________________________________ 7. CONTRIBUCION DETERMINADA (Seleccione solo una alternativa) TAX DETERMINED (Select only one Alternative) . ENCASILLADO A / SCHEDULE A A) PROPIEDAD EN UN SOLO MUNICIPIO (Multiplique la partida 5 por la 6 de este Encasillado) PROPERTY IN ONLY ONE MUNICIPALITY (Multiply item 5 by item 6 this schedule) B) PROPIEDAD EN MAS DE UN MUNICIPIO. Especif ique Cantidad ________ (Incluya Modelo AS. 29. 1, Vease Linea 79) PROPERTY IN MORE THAN ONE MUNICIPALTY. Specify Quantity ________ (Include Form AS. 9. 1. I, See Line 79) 8. MENOS 5% DESCUENTO (Determine el 5% de la partida 7 si paga total y no mas tarde del 15 de mayo) LESS 5% DISCOUNT (Compute 5% of item 7 if payment in full and not later than may 15). $ $ $ $ , , , , , , , , . . . . 9. MAS: A) Intereses___________________ B) Recargos___________________ C) Penalidad____________________ PLUS: Interest Surcharges Penalty 10. ESTA ES SU RESPONSABILIDAD CONTRIBUTIVA (Reste o sume las lineas 8 o 9 de la linea 7) TAX LIABILITY (Substract or add item 8 or 9 from line 7). 11. MENOS: IMPORTE PAGADO LESS: AMOUNT PAID A) CON ESTA PLANILLA WITH THIS RETURN B) CON PRORROGA AUTOMATICA WITH AUTOMATIC EXTENSION $ $ , , , , , . . , C) CREDITO POR PAGO EN EXCESO DE ANOS ANTERIORES CREDIT FOR TAX OVERPAID OF PRECEDING YEARS $ (SOMETA EVIDENCIA) (INCLUDE EVIDENCE) . $ , , , , . . 12. BALANCE (No mayor de cero para acogerse al descuento. Si el balance es negativo traslade a partida 13 de este encasillado) BALANCE (No greater than zero in order to be entitled to the discount. If balance is negative tranfer it to item 13 of this schedule) 13. CONTRIBUCION PAGADA EN EXCESO AMOUNT OF TAX OVERPAID A) ACREDITAR A LA CONTRIBUCION DEL ANO 20____ , _______________________________________________ TO BE CREDIT TO TAX FOR B) A REINTEGRAR__________________________________________________ _______ TO BE REFUNDED $ $ , , . (www. crimpr. net) 2006 2979 Modelo AS-29 (Rev. Dic. 2005) Form AS-29 (Rev. Dec. 2005) COMPUTOS GANANCIA BRUTA GROSS PROFIT COMPUTATION Planilla Mueble / Pagina 3 Personal Tax Return / Page 3 Num. Cuenta (Seg. Soc. ) / Account No. (Soc. Sec. ) ANO FINALIZADO EN __________ 20 _____ YEAR ENDED $ 00 VENTAS BRUTAS O INGRESOS POR SERVICIOS GROSS SALES OR INCOME FROM SERVICES ENCASILLADO B / SCHEDULE B MENOS / LESS: Descuentos en ventas Discount on sales.. $ Devoluciones y rebajas en ventas Sales returns and allowances.. $ Otros / Others_____________________ $ 00 00 00 $ 00 VENTAS NETAS O INGRESOS POR SERVICIOS / NET SALES OR INCOME FROM SERVICES.. MENOS / LESS: COSTO DE VENTAS / COST OF GOOD SOLD: Inventario Inicial / Beginning Inventory $ Mas / Plus: Compras Netas / Net Purchases: $ Sub-Total. $ Menos / Less: Inventario Final / Ending Inventory $ $ , 00 00 00 00 , , 00 COSTO DE VENTAS / COST OF GOOD SOLD INGRESO BRUTO (Ventas Netas menos Costo de Ventas) GROSS PROFIT ON SALES(Net Sales less Cost of Good Sold) $ $ , , 00 00 Costo de Ventas / Cost of Sales Ventas / Sales Costo de las ventas / Cost of Sales: (____________________________ ? ________________________) igual al / equal _______% para usarse / to be used en la columna (3) Ventas al Costo, Seccion 2 del Modelo AS-29. 3 / in column (3) Sales at Cost, Section 2, Form AS-29. 3. I RESUMEN DE VALORACION DE LA PROPIEDAD TRIBUTABLE, EXENTA Y EXONERADA VALUATION SUMMARY OF TAXABLE, EXEMPT AND EXONERATED PROPERTY ENCASILLADO C / SCHEDULE C 1. Efectivo en caja / Cash on Hand . Inversiones / Investments. . $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3. Inventarios / Inventories. 4. Materiales y Efectos / Materials and Supplies. 5. Maquinaria y Equipo / Machinery and Equipment. 6. Mejoras / Improvements 7. Cualquier Otra Propiedad Tributable / Any Other Taxable Property TOTAL (Traslade al Encasillado A, partida 1 o al Modelo AS-29-1, Columna 2, segun sea el caso) TOTAL (Transfer to Schedule A, item 1 or Form AS-29-1. I, Column 2, as the case may be ) ENCASILLADO D / SCHEDULE D PROPIEDAD MUEBLE SUJETA A CONTRIBUCION PERTENECIENTE A OTROS EN PODER DEL CONTRIBUYENTE, SUMINISTRE DESGLOSE (Propiedad arrendada, Inventarios consignados, etc. ) TAXABLE PERSONAL PROPERTY BELONGING TO OTHERS IN HAND OF THE TAXPAYER, COMPLETE FOLLOWING SCHEDULE (Leased property, consigned inventories, etc) Clase de Propiedad / Type of Property Dueno y Direccion / Owner and Address $ $ $ Valor de la Propiedad / Value of Property Arrendada o en Consignacion / Leased or Consigned ENCASILLADO E / SCHEDULE E INFORMACION MANDATORIA PARA CORPORACIONES / MANDATORY INFORMATION FOR CORPORATIONS INFORMACION ADICIONAL: Numero de Acciones Comunes _______________ y Preferidas _______________ Poseidas por Residentes en P. R. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Number of Common Share _______________ and Preferred _______________ Owned by Puerto Rico residents. Nombre de Directores y Oficiales Name of Officers and Directors Capacidad Oficial Official Title Direccion Postal Postal Address Num. No. Calle Street Fecha de Expiracion del Termino Date of Expiration of Terms (www. crimpr. net) 2006 2979 Modelo AS-29 (Rev. Dic. 005) Form AS-29 (Rev. Dec. 2005) JURAMENTOS / OATHS Planilla Mueble / Pagina 4 Personal Tax Return / Page 4 Num. Cuenta (Seg. Soc. ) / Account No. (Soc. Sec. ) I- INDIVIDUOS, SUCESIONES, FIDEICOMISOS Y OTROS CONTRIBUYENTES O AGENTES EN SU CARACTER INDIVIDUAL O REPRESENTATIVO INDIVIDUALS, ESTATES, TRUSTS AND OTHER TAXPAYER OR AGENTS AS AN INDIVIDUAL OR REPRESENTATIVE CHARACTER Declaro bajo las penalidades de perjurio que he examinado esta planilla, incluyendo los Estados Financieros y Anejos que se acompanan, y que segun mi mejor informacion y creencia, es cierta, correcta y completa. I declare under the penalties of perjury that this return, including any accompanying schedules and statements, has been examined by me and to my best knowledge and belief is a true, correct and complete return. Nombre en letra de molde / Print name Fecha / Date Firma del Contribuyente o Agente / Signature of Taxpayer or Agent Direccion del Agente / Address of Agent II- CORPORACIONES, SOCIEDADES Y COOPERATIVAS CORPORATIONS, PARTNERSHIPS AND COOPERATIVES ENCASILLADO F / SCHEDULE F NOSOTROS, los infrascritos, presidente (o vicepresidente u otro oficial principal) y tesorero (o tesorero auxiliar), o agente de la corporacion o socio gestor o agente de la sociedad a nombre de la cual se hace esta planilla, separada y debidamente juramentada, cada uno por si declara que esta Planilla de Contribucion sobre Propiedad Mueble (incluyendo los anejos y estados que le acompanan) ha sido examinada por el y es, segun su mejor informacion y creencia, una planilla exacta, correcta y completa para el ano contributivo indicado, hecha de buena fe, de acuerdo con las disposiciones de la Ley Num. 3 de agosto de 1991, segun enmendada y los Reglamentos promulgados para su ejecucion. WE, the undersigned, president, (or vicepresident or other principal officer) and treasurer or (assistant treasurer), or agent of the corporation or managing partner or agent of the partnership for which this return is made, being severally duly sworn, each for himself deposes and says that this return ( including any accompanying schedules and statements) has been examined by him and is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true, correct, and complete return, made in good faith, for the taxable year stated, pursuant to Act. 3 of August 30, 1991, as amended, and the Regulations issued thereunder. Presidente o Vice-Presidente o Socio Gestor President or Vice-President or Managing Partner (Indique Titulo) (State Title) Tesorero o Tesorero Auxiliar Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer (Indique titulo) (State Title) Agente / Agent Affidavit Num. / No. Jurado y suscrito ante mi por Sworn and subscribe before me by , mayor de edad, de ocupacion of legal age, occupation y vecino de SELLO NOTARIAL NOTARIAL SEAL and resident of , y por and by , mayor de edad, de ocupacion of legal age, occupation y vecino de and resident of personalmente conocidos por mi, en ersonally known to me, at , Puerto Rico, a Puerto Rico, this de day of de 20 of 20 Titulo Oficial / Official Title Firma del Oficial que toma el juramento Signature of Officer Administering Oath III- INDIVIDUOS, SOCIEDADES, COOPERATIVAS, SUCESIONES, FIDEICOMISOS O CORPORACIONES PREPARADOR Y/O REVISADOR INDIVIDUALS, PARTNERSHIPS, COOPERATIVES, ESTATES, TRUSTS, OR CORPORATIONS PREPARER AND / OR REVIEWER Declaro bajo las penalidades de perjurio que he examinado esta planilla, incluyendo los Estados Financieros y Anejos que se acompanan, y que segun mi mejor informacion y creencia,es cierta, correcta y completa. I declare under the penalties of perjury that this return, including any accompanying schedules and statements, has been examined by me and to my best knowledge and belief is a true, correct and complete return. Nombre del Negocio (o el suyo propio, si es patrono independiente) / Businesss name (or yours if self employed) Direccion (Numero, Calle y Pueblo) / Address (Number, Street and City) Zip Code Numero de Seguro Social / Social Security Number ESTAMPILLA DEL COLEGIO DE CPA CPA STAMP Marque si es patrono independiente Check if self employed Preparador / Preparer: Revisador / Reviewer: Fecha / Date Firma del Revisador / Signature of Reviewer Licencia Num. / License No. Fecha / Date Firma del Preparador / Signature of Preparer (www. crimpr. net) 2006 2979 Modelo AS-29 (Rev. Dic 2005) Form AS-29 (Rev. Dec 2005) Planilla Mueble / Pagina 5 Personal Tax Return / Page 5 Num. Cuenta (Seg. Soc. ) / Account No. (Soc. Sec. ) VALORACION EXENTA EXEMPT VALUATION DECRETO NUM. __________________ DECREE NO. 1. Ley Num. 57 del 13 de junio de 1963, segun enmendada Act. No. 57 of June 13, 1963, as amended FECHA DE EFECTIVIDAD_______________________ FECHA DE EXPIRACION __________________ EFFECTIVE DATE EXPIRATION DATE A) Valoracion totalmente exenta Totally Exempt Valuation.. (IN57T) $ (IN57P) 00 00 00 00 $ B) Valoracion sujeta a exencion parcial Valuation subject to partial exemption.. C) Porciento de exencion (Vease Decreto) Percentage of exemption (Refer to Decree) D) Valoracion exenta (Multiplique partida 1 B por 1 C) Exempt Valuation (Multiply item 1 B by 1 C). ENCASILLADO G / SCHEDULE G E) Total de Exencion (Partidas 1 A + 1 D). Total Exemption (Items 1 A + 1 D) 00 2. Ley Num. 26 del 2 de junio de 1978, segun enmendada y Ley Num. 8 del 24 de enero de 1987, segun sea el caso Act. No. 26 of June 2 1978, as amended and Act. No. 8 of January 24, 1987 as the case may be DECRETO NUM. __________________ DECREE NO. FECHA DE EFECTIVIDAD_______________________ EFFECTIVE DATE FECHA DE EXPIRACION __________________ EXPIRATION DATE A) Valoracion total cubierta por decreto (Vease Instrucciones Planilla) Total valuation covered by decree (See Tax Return Instructions) B) Menos exencion Sec. 3 (b) (4) No aplica a la Ley Num. 8 del 24 de enero de 1987 Less exemption Sec. 3 (b) (4) Do not apply to Act. No. 8 of January 24, 1987 (IN26T) $ 00 00 00 00 00 $ $ INC8P) o / or (IN26P) C) Valoracion sujeta a exencion parcial Valuation subject to partial exemption .. D) Porciento de exencion (Vease decreto) Percentage of exemption (Refer to decree).. E) Valoracion exenta (Multiplique partida 2 C por 2 D) Exempt Valuation (Multiply items 2 C by 2 D). F) Total de Exencion (Partidas 2 B + 2 E) Total of Exemption (Items 2 B + 2 E).. . Otras exenciones (Especifique) Others Exemptions (Specify)__________________________________________________________ 4. Valoracion exenta. [Su me las partidas 1 E + 2 F +3 y traslade al Encasillado A, partida 2 o al Modelo AS-29. 1, columna 3 en la linea correspondiente al municipio con derecho a exencion, segun sea el caso] Exempt Valuation. [Add the items 1 E + 2 F + 3 and transfer to Schedule A, Item 2 or Form AS-29. 1. I, column 3 on the line

Health in education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health in education - Assignment Example In order to ensure children’s good health, the role of teachers, parents, the community, and the environment cannot be underplayed. Their contribution in any way offers vital information regarding their mental, physical, emotional, and social well-being. Health education for all the stakeholders; students, parents, teachers, and health professional is essential. This helps equip everyone with necessary information concerning procedures, steps to be taken, and ideal safety measures that need to be observed so that good health for children is ensured. Whatever observations have been made concerning the health of a child by the teacher, parent, or community is vital and essential in identifying changes in the health status of a child. More often than not, teachers and parents refer these types of illnesses and many others to the appropriate health professionals such as counselors. Counseling is a vital component of the coordinated early childhood health since it helps address health issues such as trauma, stress disorders, etc. Counseling can also help families appreciate and understand the need for professional health care especially in circumstances that they do not seem to see the need. As noted earlier, the community, parents, and teachers are only observers and cannot in any way attempt to diagnose the health problems of a child. This is where health services come in handy since it is the responsibility for health practitioners to diagnose and recommend proper actions.